{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T14:13:56Z","timestamp":1772115236061,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/0436\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/0436\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/149395\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/149395\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/115325\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/115325\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/140143\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/140143\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.06332.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.06332.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["862980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["862980"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/0436\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/0436\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/149395\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/149395\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/115325\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/115325\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/140143\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/140143\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.06332.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.06332.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["862980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["862980"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tolerance to harsh environmental conditions, high growth rates and an amino acid profile adequate for human consumption are beneficial features observed in Dunaliella viridis TAV01, a novel strain isolated from a salt pond in the Algarve, Portugal. TAV01 was identified down to the species level by maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers one and two regions (ITS1 and ITS-2) and was supported by ITS2 secondary structure analysis. The biochemical profile revealed high protein (35.7 g 100 g\u22121 DW; 65% higher than the minimum recommended by the World Health Organization) and lipid contents (21.3 g 100 g\u22121 DW), a relatively higher proportion of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), \u03b1-linolenic (26.3% of total fatty acids (TFA)) and linoleic acids (22.8% of TFA), compared to those of other Dunaliella strains, and a balanced essential amino acids profile containing significant levels of leucine, phenylalanine, valine, and threonine. The major carotenoid was lutein, making up over 85% of total carotenoids. The presence of high-quality natural products in D. viridis TAV01 offers the possibility of using this new strain as a valuable biological resource for novel feed or food products as ingredients or supplements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app13042146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T02:04:16Z","timestamp":1675821856000},"page":"2146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Dunaliella viridis TAV01: A Halotolerant, Protein-Rich Microalga from the Algarve Coast"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2838-6262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Bombo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"GreenCoLab\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0919-517X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathana L.","family":"Cristofoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Algarve, Campus Penha, 2005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tam\u00e1ra F.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0961-5397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Sch\u00fcler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"GreenCoLab\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7509-2216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas B.","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenCoLab\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4077-855X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Barreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"GreenCoLab\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3101-693X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"GreenCoLab\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacob-Lopes, E., Zepka, L.Q., and Queiroz, M.I. (2018). Microalgal Biotechnology, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.71228"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35663","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35663","article-title":"Isolation of a euryhaline microalgal strain, Tetraselmis sp. CTP4, as a robust feedstock for biodiesel production","volume":"6","author":"Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2020.101783","article-title":"Cultivation of green microalgae by recovering aqueous nutrients in hydrothermal carbonization process water of biomass wastes","volume":"40","author":"Tarhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Water Process. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendes, M.C., Navalho, S., Ferreira, A., Paulino, C., Figueiredo, D., Silva, D., Gao, F., Gama, F., Bombo, G., and Jacinto, R. (2022). Algae as Food in Europe: An Overview of Species Diversity and Their Application. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11131871"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2022.107977","article-title":"Bioprospecting for bioactive compounds in microalgae: Antimicrobial compounds","volume":"59","author":"Stirk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.842797","article-title":"Bioprospecting Indigenous Marine Microalgae for Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Under Different Media Conditions","volume":"10","author":"Jain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.03.050","article-title":"The potentials and challenges of using microalgae as an ingredient to produce meat analogues","volume":"13","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2021.104195","article-title":"A multi-national comparison of meat eaters\u2019 attitudes and expectations for burgers containing beef, pea or algae protein","volume":"91","author":"Michel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Qual. Prefer."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735885","article-title":"Single cell protein: Sources, mechanism of production, nutritional value and its uses in aquaculture nutrition","volume":"531","author":"Sharif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.119093","article-title":"Mechanism and challenges behind algae as a wastewater treatment choice for bioenergy production and beyond","volume":"285","author":"Yadav","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s13165-020-00337-9","article-title":"Algae and their potential for a future bioeconomy, landless food production, and the socio-economic impact of an algae industry","volume":"11","author":"Ullmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Org. Agric."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Vazquez Calderon, F., and Sanchez Lopez, J. (2022). An Overview of the Algae Industry in Europe: Producers, Production Systems, Species, Biomass Uses, Other Steps in the Value Chain and Socio-Economic Data."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2019.101671","article-title":"Fatty acid profiling of new Irish microalgal isolates producing the high-value metabolites EPA and DHA","volume":"44","author":"Archer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2017.04.010","article-title":"Effects of different salinities on the growth and proximate composition of Dunaliella sp. isolated from South China Sea at different growth phases","volume":"112","author":"Khatoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Process. Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2018.07.010","article-title":"Extraction of astaxanthin from microalga Haematococcus pluvialis in red phase by using generally recognized as safe solvents and accelerated extraction","volume":"283","author":"Molino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2019.05.021","article-title":"Salinity driven stress to enhance lipid production in Scenedesmus vacuolatus: A biodiesel trigger?","volume":"127","author":"Anand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomass-Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.05.003","article-title":"Salinity induced oxidative stress alters the physiological responses and improves the biofuel potential of green microalgae Acutodesmus dimorphus","volume":"244","author":"Chokshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2014.12.010","article-title":"Improvement of the potential of Dunaliella tertiolecta as a source of biodiesel by auxin treatment coupled to salt stress","volume":"77","author":"Benhima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.05.058","article-title":"Abiotic stresses as tools for metabolites in microalgae","volume":"244","author":"Paliwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2020.102017","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide and salinity stress act synergistically to enhance lipids production in microalga by regulating reactive oxygen species and calcium","volume":"53","author":"Qiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rismani, S., and Shariati, M. (2017). Changes of the Total Lipid and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Contents in two Microalgae Dunaliella Salina and Chlorella Vulgaris under Salt Stress. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol., 60.","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4324-2017160555"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s10452-013-9454-z","article-title":"Lipid content in 19 brackish and marine microalgae: Influence of growth phase, salinity and temperature","volume":"47","author":"Schwenk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquat. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1263\/jbb.101.223","article-title":"Effect of salt concentration on intracellular accumulation of lipids and triacylglyceride in marine microalgae Dunaliella cells","volume":"101","author":"Takagi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-9063-8-2","article-title":"Molecular taxonomy of Dunaliella (Chlorophyceae), with a special focus on D. salina: ITS2 sequences revisited with an extensive geographical sampling","volume":"8","author":"Carmona","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquat. Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6150-5-4","article-title":"Including RNA secondary structures improves accuracy and robustness in reconstruction of phylogenetic trees","volume":"5","author":"Keller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Direct"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/0028825X.2013.859627","article-title":"Isolation and characterisation of halo-tolerant Dunaliella strains from Lake Grassmere\/Kapara Te Hau, New Zealand","volume":"52","author":"Beuzenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/1754-6834-4-61","article-title":"Microplate-based high throughput screening procedure for the isolation of lipid-rich marine microalgae","volume":"4","author":"Pereira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.5194\/os-10-693-2014","article-title":"The Mediterranean is becoming saltier","volume":"10","author":"Borghini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.3390\/en6062773","article-title":"Isolation and Fatty Acid Profile of Selected Microalgae Strains from the Red Sea for Biofuel Production","volume":"6","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syq010","article-title":"New Algorithms and Methods to Estimate Maximum-Likelihood Phylogenies: Assessing the Performance of PhyML 3.0","volume":"59","author":"Guindon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150600755453","article-title":"Approximate Likelihood-Ratio Test for Branches: A Fast, Accurate, and Powerful Alternative","volume":"55","author":"Anisimova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/sys029","article-title":"MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference and Model Choice across a Large Model Space","volume":"61","author":"Ronquist","year":"2012","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-7-498","article-title":"4SALE\u2014A tool for synchronous RNA sequence and secondary structure alignment and editing","volume":"7","author":"Seibel","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2009.01.008","article-title":"ITS2 sequence\u2013structure analysis in phylogenetics: A how-to manual for molecular systematics","volume":"52","author":"Schultz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenetics Evol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Sluiter, A., Hanes, B., Ruiz, R., Scarlata, C., Sluiter, J., and Templeton, D. (2005). Determination of Ash in Biomass Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP)."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/0967026032000157156","article-title":"Distribution of intracellular nitrogen in marine microalgae: Calculation of new nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors","volume":"39","author":"Barbarino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127525","article-title":"Influence of cultivation salinity in the nutritional composition, antioxidant capacity and microbial quality of Salicornia ramosissima commercially produced in soilless systems","volume":"333","author":"Lima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.3390\/md10091920","article-title":"Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids of Marine Macroalgae: Potential for Nutritional and Pharmaceutical Applications","volume":"10","author":"Pereira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Oser, B.L. (1959). Protein and Amino Acid Nutrition, Elsevier."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_40.1","unstructured":"Weltgesundheitsorganisation, FAO, and Vereinte Nationen (2007). Protein and Amino Acid Requirements in Human Nutrition: Report of a Joint WHO\/FAO\/UNU Expert Consultation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_40.2","unstructured":"[Geneva, 9-16 April 2002], WHO Technical Report Series."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kent, M., Welladsen, H.M., Mangott, A., and Li, Y. (2015). Nutritional Evaluation of Australian Microalgae as Potential Human Health Supplements. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118985"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-019-02273-9","article-title":"Improvement of carotenoid extraction from a recently isolated, robust microalga, Tetraselmis sp. CTP4 (chlorophyta)","volume":"43","author":"Gangadhar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3844\/ajessp.2013.317.321","article-title":"Phylogenetic study of some strains of Dunaliella","volume":"9","author":"Tran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.12747","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of Dunaliella (Chlorophyta) emphasizing new benthic and supralittoral isolates from Great Salt Lake","volume":"54","author":"Henley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/09637480701252252","article-title":"Comparative study of lipid composition of two halotolerant alga, Dunaliellabardawil and Dunaliellasalina","volume":"58","author":"Vanitha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Richmond, A. (2017). CRC Handbook of Microalgal Mass Culture (1986), CRC Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"323","article-title":"Chemical characterization and nutritional evaluation of microalgal biomass from large-scale production: A comparative study of five species","volume":"246","author":"Casini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Borowitzka, M.A. (2018). Microalgae in Health and Disease Prevention, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molino, A., Iovine, A., Casella, P., Mehariya, S., Chianese, S., Cerbone, A., Rimauro, J., and Musmarra, D. (2018). Microalgae Characterization for Consolidated and New Application in Human Food, Animal Feed and Nutraceuticals. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15112436"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"64","article-title":"Biomass Nutrient Profiles of Marine Microalgae Dunaliella salina","volume":"13","author":"Muhaemin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Penelit. Sains"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Murthy, K.N.C. (2005). Production of Beta-Carotene from Cultured Dunaliella sp. and Evaluation Biological Activities. [Ph.D. Thesis., University of Mysore]."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Cong, Y., Wang, Y., Guo, Z., Yue, J., Xing, Z., Gao, X., and Chai, X. (2019). Identification of Early Salinity Stress-Responsive Proteins in Dunaliella salina by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030599"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-020-02142-z","article-title":"Identification of salt-responsive genes using transcriptome analysis in Dunaliella viridis","volume":"32","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-007-9171-x","article-title":"The taxonomy of the genus Dunaliella (Chlorophyta, Dunaliellales) with emphasis on the marine and halophilic species","volume":"19","author":"Borowitzka","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00409771","article-title":"Lipid composition of halophilic species of Dunaliella from the dead sea","volume":"140","author":"Evans","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3923\/biotech.2004.102.108","article-title":"Production of Lipids Rich in Omega 3 Fatty Acids from the Halotolerant Alga Dunaliella salina","volume":"3","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biotechnology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/597198","article-title":"Biochemical Modulation of Lipid Pathway in Microalgae Dunaliella sp. for Biodiesel Production","volume":"2015","author":"Talebi","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"27","article-title":"Toxicity and Bioacumulation of lead in Chlorella and Dunaliella","volume":"8","author":"Muhaemin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Coast. Dev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.4236\/jwarp.2013.59091","article-title":"Fatty Acids Composition and Biodiesel Characterization of Dunaliella salina","volume":"05","author":"Fakhry","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Water Resour. Prot."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-133-9-2607","article-title":"Correlative Changes of Growth, Pigmentation and Lipid Composition of Dunaliella salina in Response to Halostress","volume":"133","author":"Ghannoum","year":"1987","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-010-9532-8","article-title":"Effect of salinity on the biochemical composition of the alga Botryococcus braunii K\u00fctz IPPAS H-252","volume":"23","author":"Zhila","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"de Morais, E.G., Cristofoli, N.L., Bombo, G.d.C., Maia, I.B., Cassuriaga, A.P.A., Costa, J.A.V., de Morais, M.G., Bar, S.Y., Avni, D., and Varela, J. (2021). Spirulina and its Health Benefits, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"783","article-title":"Morphological and chemical aspects of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis gracilis microalgae","volume":"5","author":"Aranda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sui, Y., and Harvey, P. (2021). Effect of Light Intensity and Wavelength on Biomass Growth and Protein and Amino Acid Composition of Dunaliella salina. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10051018"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13780","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c04840","article-title":"Nitrogen Balance and Bioavailability of Amino Acids in Spirulina Diet-Fed Wistar Rats","volume":"69","author":"Shioji","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2006.11.002","article-title":"Micro-algae as a source of protein","volume":"25","author":"Becker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1","article-title":"Protein and amino acid requirements of infants and children","volume":"35","year":"1965","journal-title":"Nutr. Abstr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.121398","article-title":"Enhancement of co-production of nutritional protein and carotenoids in Dunaliella salina using a two-phase cultivation assisted by nitrogen level and light intensity","volume":"287","author":"Sui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.12.046","article-title":"Light regime and growth phase affect the microalgal production of protein quantity and quality with Dunaliella salina","volume":"275","author":"Sui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e08811","article-title":"Salt induced oxidative stress alters physiological, biochemical and metabolomic responses of green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii","volume":"8","author":"Fal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. East. Mediterr. Health J., 24, 17\u201362."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.21608\/assjm.2014.111899","article-title":"Production and evaluation of some extruded food products using spirulina algae","volume":"52","author":"Morsy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Sci. Moshtohor"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-018-1681-1","article-title":"Essential and toxic elements in commercial microalgal food supplements","volume":"31","author":"Rzymski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8159","article-title":"Chemical composition of microalgae Heterochlorella luteoviridis and Dunaliella tertiolecta with emphasis on carotenoids","volume":"97","author":"Diprat","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"110","article-title":"Production of Bioethanol from Biomass of Microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta","volume":"2","author":"Escalante","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1021\/ef401500z","article-title":"Investigation on Pyrolysis of Low Lipid Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Dunaliella salina","volume":"28","author":"Gong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (U.S.) (2001). DRI: Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc: A Report of the Panel on Micronutrients \u2026 and the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1232","article-title":"Biosorption of toxic metals using freely suspended Microcystis aeruginosa biomass","volume":"12","author":"Rzymski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Kutlu, B., and Mutlu, E. (2017). Growth and Bioaccumulation of Cadmium, Zinc, Lead, Copper in Dunaliella sp. Isolated from Homa Lagoon, Eastern Aegean Sea, NISCAIR-CSIR."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Wu, Y. (2014). Genral Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (DOEX STAN 193-1995) Adopted in 1995. Revised in 1997, 2006, 2008, 2009. Amendment 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014. 2014. Joint FAO\/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. Codex Aliment."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2859-13-3","article-title":"Effects of abiotic stressors on lutein production in the green microalga Dunaliella salina","volume":"13","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6972","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25417-5","article-title":"Bicarbonate supplementation enhances growth and biochemical composition of Dunaliella salina V-101 by reducing oxidative stress induced during macronutrient deficit conditions","volume":"8","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, H., Cui, X., Wahid, F., Xia, F., Zhong, C., and Jia, S. (2016). Analysis of the Physiological and Molecular Responses of Dunaliella salina to Macronutrient Deprivation. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152226"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00040263","article-title":"The mass culture of Dunaliella viridis (Volvocales, Chlorophyta) for oxygenated carotenoids: Laboratory and pilot plant studies","volume":"204\u2013205","author":"Moulton","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"(2023). MMR Lutein Market\u2014Global Industry Analysis and Forecast (2022\u20132029), Maximize Market Research."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.12.043","article-title":"Determination of carotenoids in Dunaliella salina cultivated in Taiwan and antioxidant capacity of the algal carotenoid extract","volume":"109","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2020.e00508","article-title":"Effects of different culture media on physiological features and laboratory scale production cost of Dunaliella salina","volume":"27","author":"Colusse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2019.101697","article-title":"Construction of astaxanthin metabolic pathway in the green microalga Dunaliella viridis","volume":"44","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Algal Res."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/4\/2146\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:27:11Z","timestamp":1760120831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/4\/2146"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["app13042146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app13042146","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]}}}