{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:52:56Z","timestamp":1760147576102,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\u2014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/127844\/2016","UID\/ECI\/04708\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/127844\/2016","UID\/ECI\/04708\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"CONSTRUCT\u2014Instituto de I&amp;D em Estruturas e Constru\u00e7\u00f5es","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/127844\/2016","UID\/ECI\/04708\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/127844\/2016","UID\/ECI\/04708\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate change will greatly influence the world at several levels and will have consequences on the interior climate of historic buildings and artifacts conservation. Buildings are responsible for a large slice of the overall emissions, which is due both to the greenhouse gases that are released during their construction as well as the activities that are performed therewithin. One way of counteracting this trend is to design more efficient retrofit buildings and predict their behavior using simulation software, which can thoroughly assess the performance of new buildings or the impact of each retrofit measure for existing buildings. In this study, a calibrated computational model of high thermal inertia building was used to assess the performance of passive retrofits in mitigating the effects of climate change concerning artifact decay mechanisms. In addition, a methodology that aims to reduce the amount of time spent to perform these studies is also presented, in which time savings reach up to 63%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app13042382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T04:07:19Z","timestamp":1676261239000},"page":"2382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Retrofitting Historic Buildings for Future Climatic Conditions and Consequences in Terms of Artifacts Conservation Using Hygrothermal Building Simulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Guilherme B. A.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Built Environment, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, Oslo Metropolitan University, St. Olavs Plass, P.O. Box 4, NO-0130 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Vasco Peixoto","family":"de Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7543-5656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando M. A.","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS and Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5834-1770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo Entradas","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS and Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Nakicenovic, N., Alcamo, J., Davis, G., de Vries, B., Fenhann, J., Gaffin, S., Gregory, K., Griibler, A., Jung, T.Y., and Kram, T. (2000). Special Report on Emissions Scenarios\u2014A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2012.03.014","article-title":"The implications of a changing climate for buildings","volume":"55","author":"Coley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2023, January 30). OECD Stat Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Available online: https:\/\/stats.oecd.org\/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AIR_GHG#."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"European Commission (2023, January 30). Climate Strategies & Targets. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/clima\/policies\/strategies\/2020_en."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Eurostat (2019, September 16). Emissions of Greenhouse Gases and Air Pollutants from Final Use of CPA08 Products\u2014Input-Output Analysis. Available online: https:\/\/appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu\/nui\/show.do?dataset=env_ac_io10&lang=en."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2023, January 30). Paris Agreement. Available online: https:\/\/unfccc.int\/process-and-meetings\/the-paris-agreement\/the-paris-agreement."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"EnergyPlus (2017). EnergyPlus, version 8.8.0."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics (2017). WUFI\u00aePlus, version 3.1.1.0, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2014.01.217","article-title":"The Role of Building Thermal Simulation for Energy Efficient Building Design","volume":"47","author":"Andarini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Giuseppe, E.D., D\u2019Orazio, M., Favi, C., Rossi, M., Lasvaux, S., Padey, P., Favre, D., Wittchen, K., Du, G., and Nielsen, A. (2019). Report and Tool: Probability Based Life Cycle Impact Assessment, Robust Internal Thermal Insulation of Historic Buildings (RIBuild Project)\u2014Project No. 637268, RIBuild."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Antretter, F., Sch\u00f6pfer, T., and Kilian, R. (June, January 29). An approach to assess future climate change effects on indoor climate of a historic stone church. Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Symposium on Building Physics, Tampere, Finland."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1504\/IJGW.2019.104268","article-title":"Impact of climate change on cultural heritage: A simulation study to assess the risks for conservation and thermal comfort","volume":"19","author":"Coelho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Glob. Warm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2012.01.008","article-title":"A proposed method to assess the damage risk of future climate change to museum objects in historic buildings","volume":"55","author":"Huijbregts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"An innovative methodology of assessing the climate change impact on cultural heritage","volume":"12","author":"Skender","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Herit."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choidis, P., Kraniotis, D., Lehtonen, I., and Hellum, B. (2021). A Modelling Approach for the Assessment of Climate Change Impact on the Fungal Colonization of Historic Timber Structures. Forests, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/f12070819"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2018.06.034","article-title":"Calibrated hygrothermal simulation models for historical buildings","volume":"142","author":"Coelho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2014.09.005","article-title":"Microclimatic analysis of historic buildings: A new methodology for temperate climates","volume":"82","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.109782","article-title":"School building experimental characterization in Mediterranean climate regarding comfort, indoor air quality and energy consumption","volume":"212","author":"Barbosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18007","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202017218007","article-title":"Strategies for school buildings refurbishment in Portuguese climate","volume":"172","author":"Barbosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2013.11.059","article-title":"Thermal performance of a gallery and refurbishment solutions","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-015-0067-9","article-title":"Climate for Culture: Assessing the impact of climate change on the future indoor climate in historic buildings using simulations","volume":"3","author":"Leissner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Herit. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.08.044","article-title":"Energy conservation in museums using different setpoint strategies: A case study for a state-of-the-art museum using building simulations","volume":"158","author":"Kramer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K., and Meyer, L.A. (2014). Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2015.09.010","article-title":"Calibrating historic building energy models to hourly indoor air and surface temperatures: Methodology and case study","volume":"108","author":"Roberti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1080\/23744731.2021.1941249","article-title":"The BEM of the Vasari Corridor: A return to its original function and correlated energy consumption for artwork conservation and IAQ","volume":"27","author":"Schmidt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.01.034","article-title":"Modelling and calibration of a high-mass historic building for reducing the prebound effect in energy assessment","volume":"116","author":"Giuliani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2020, September 13). WUFI-Wiki Physical Background for WUFI\u00ae PRO, 2D & Plus. Available online: https:\/\/www.wufi-wiki.com\/mediawiki\/index.php\/Details:Physics."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110250","article-title":"Impact of climate change in cultural heritage: From energy consumption to artefacts\u2019 conservation and building rehabilitation","volume":"224","author":"Coelho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Martens, M. (2012). Climate Risk Assessment in Museums: Degradation Risks Determined from Temperature and Relative Humidity Data. [Ph.D. Thesis, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven]."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.08.078","article-title":"Air conditioning and passive environmental techniques in historic churches in Mediterranean climate. A proposed method to assess damage risk and thermal comfort pre-intervention, simulation-based","volume":"130","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2017.03.028","article-title":"Dynamic setpoint control for museum indoor climate conditioning integrating collection and comfort requirements: Development and energy impact for Europe","volume":"118","author":"Kramer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Posani, M., Veiga, R., and de Freitas, V.P. (2021). Retrofitting historic walls: Feasibility of thermal insulation and suitability of thermal mortars. Heritage, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage4030114"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125640","article-title":"Thermal mortar-based insulation solutions for historic walls: An extensive hygrothermal characterization of materials and systems","volume":"315","author":"Posani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Coelho, G.B.A. (2020). Optimization of Historic Buildings that House Artefacts Considering Climate Change. [Ph.D. Thesis, FCT-UNL]."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2015.07.067","article-title":"Preventive conservation of historic buildings in temperate climates. The importance of a risk-based analysis on the decision-making process","volume":"107","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Monsalve, M. (2023, January 13). Igreja Paroquial de S. Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o\u2014Relat\u00f3rio de Invent\u00e1rio e Diagn\u00f3stico, Available online: http:\/\/portal.iphan.gov.br\/uploads\/ckfinder\/arquivos\/Relat%C3%B3rio%20de%20Gest%C3%A3o%20%202011.pdf."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Coelho, G.B.A., Silva, H.E., and Henriques, F.M.A. (2019, January 2\u20135). Development of a hygrothermal model of a historic building in WUFI\u00aePlus vs. EnergyPlus. Proceedings of the 4th Central European Symposium on Building Physics (CESBP 2019), Prague, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) (2005). ASHRAE Guideline 14:2002, Measurement of Energy and Demand Savings, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 11\u201313 October 2005, Energy Systems Laboratory, Texas A&M University."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.102982","article-title":"Performance of passive retrofit measures for historic buildings that house artefacts viable for future conditions","volume":"71","author":"Coelho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Nishimura, D.W. (2007). Understanding Preservation Metrics, Image Permanence Institute (IPI)."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Sedlbauer, K. (2001). Prediction of Mould Fungus Formation on the Surface of and Inside Building Components. [Ph.D. Thesis, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics]."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Michalski, S. (2002, January 22\u201327). Double the life for each five-degree drop, more than double the life for each halving of relative humidity. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Triennial Meeting ICOM-CC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Bratasz, L., Kozlowski, R., Kozlowska, A., and Rivers, S. (2008, January 22\u201326). Conservation of the Mazarin Chest: Structural response of Japanese lacquer to variations in relative humidity. Proceedings of the 15th Triennial Conference, New Delhi, India."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00226-007-0138-5","article-title":"Koz\u0142owski, Numerical modelling of moisture movement and related stress field in lime wood subjected to changing climate conditions","volume":"42","author":"Bratasz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Mecklenburg, M.F., Tumosa, C.S., and Erhardt, D. (1998). Structural Response of Painted Wood Surfaces to Changes in Ambient RH, The Getty Conservation Institute."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Bratasz, \u0141., Koz\u0142owski, R., and Lasyk, \u0141. (2011, January 19\u201323). Allowable microclimatic variations for painted wood: Numerical modelling and direct tracing of the fatigue damage. Proceedings of the ICOM CC 16th Triennial Conference, Lizbona, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"WMO (1989). Calculation of Monthly and Annual 30-Year Standard Normals, Proceedings of the Meeting of experts, Washington, DC, USA, March 1989, WCDP 10 and WMOTD 341; World Meteorological Organization."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"CORDEX-2 (2019, January 17). Coordinated Regional Climate Downscalling Experiment (CORDEX). Available online: http:\/\/www.cordex.org\/."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2005). Standard No. EN ISO 15927-4."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-092X(98)00067-X","article-title":"An hourly diffuse fraction model with correction for variability and surface albedo","volume":"63","author":"Skartveit","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Lanini, F. (2010). Division of Global Radiation into Direct Radiation and Diffuse Radiation. [Master\u2019s Dissertation, Faculty of Science, University of Bern]."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2020, September 10). MediaWorkstations a-X\u2014AMD Threadripper Workstation for CPU and GPU Rendering. Available online: https:\/\/www.mediaworkstations.net\/systems\/amd-workstations\/a-x\/."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Silva, H.E. (2019). Indoor Climate Management on Cultural Heritage Buildings: Climate Control Strategies, Cultural Heritage Management and Hygrothermal Rehabilitation. [Ph.D. Thesis, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (FCT-UNL)]."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.3846\/13923730.2014.928364","article-title":"An insulation thickness optimization methodology for school buildings rehabilitation combining artificial neural networks and life cycle cost","volume":"22","author":"Almeida","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Civ. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2014.06.009","article-title":"Multi-objective optimization for building retrofit: A model using genetic algorithm and artificial neural network and an application","volume":"81","author":"Asadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2016.04.023","article-title":"A sequential process to assess and optimize the indoor climate in museums","volume":"104","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Build. Environ."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/4\/2382\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:33:13Z","timestamp":1760121193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/4\/2382"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["app13042382"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app13042382","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3417"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]}}}