{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T19:01:53Z","timestamp":1776106913489,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"RISKCOAST project","award":["SOE3\/P4\/E0868"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SOE3\/P4\/E0868"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coastal regions in Southwest Europe have experienced major interventions and transformations of the territory with unprecedented urban development, primarily related to growing tourism activity. The coast is the place where marine and terrestrial processes converge, making it highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. However, the lack of information on the frequency of these extreme weather events and their impacts on the coast hampers an accurate analysis of the consequences of global change. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the extreme weather events (EWE) that have affected the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of Southwest Europe during the period from 1 January 2009 to 28 February 2020, as well as a quantification of their impacts: fatalities, injuries and economic damage. Official sources from France, Portugal and Spain were consulted, along with technical reports, scientific articles, etc., to generate a unified database. A total of 95 significant extreme events have caused 168 fatalities, 137 injuries and almost \u20ac4000 M in direct economic losses. Cyclone Xynthia (February 2010) on the French Atlantic coast stands out, having caused 47 fatalities, 79 injuries and substantial economic losses valued at \u20ac3000 M. The study shows a slight upward trend in the number of events recorded, especially during the last three years of the analysis, as well as in human losses and damages. The results reveal a higher exposure of the Mediterranean coast of Southwest Europe when compared to the Atlantic, especially the Spanish Mediterranean coast, with 61% of the fatalities recorded there during the study period. This is primarily due to a model of exponential tourism growth on the Mediterranean coast, with an enormous urban and infrastructure development during the last decades. Traditionally, the Mediterranean coast is less prepared to reduce the effects of marine storms, extreme events that are becoming more frequent and virulent in the context of climate and global change. This work highlights the need to create a continuous monitoring system\u2013at the European level\u2013of the impacts of extreme weather events on the coast, where 40% of the European population is concentrated. This observatory should serve as a source of information for risk mitigation policies (predictive, preventive and corrective), as well as for emergency management during disasters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app13042640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T02:29:08Z","timestamp":1676860148000},"page":"2640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Assessment of the Socio-Economic Impacts of Extreme Weather Events on the Coast of Southwest Europe during the Period 2009\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3905-0692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa Mar\u00eda","family":"Mateos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Hazards, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), R\u00edos Rosas, 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2083-1931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Sarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Hazards, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), R\u00edos Rosas, 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1106-191X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"D\u00edez-Herrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Hazards, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), R\u00edos Rosas, 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8325-4350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Reyes-Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Hazards, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), R\u00edos Rosas, 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0663-3805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"L\u00f3pez-Vinielles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Hazards, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), R\u00edos Rosas, 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8667-5030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Ezquerro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Hazards, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), R\u00edos Rosas, 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2250-1116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Corbella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Hazards, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), R\u00edos Rosas, 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2300-0914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guadalupe","family":"Bru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Hazards, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), R\u00edos Rosas, 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Juan Antonio","family":"Luque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Hazards, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), R\u00edos Rosas, 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6254-7931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Barra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Avinguda Carl Friedrich Gauss, 7, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"(ASITEC) Ingenier\u00eda, Urbanismo y Medio Ambiente SL. Fais\u00e1n, 21, 18014 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7120-7493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Millares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Granada, Avenida de la Fuente Nueva S\/N C.P., 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1388-6870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Granada, Avenida de la Fuente Nueva S\/N C.P., 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7694-1216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Granada, Avenida de la Fuente Nueva S\/N C.P., 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5780-821X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Pedro","family":"Galve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Granada, Avenida de la Fuente Nueva S\/N C.P., 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7834-5816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Miguel","family":"Aza\u00f1\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Granada, Avenida de la Fuente Nueva S\/N C.P., 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9674-0964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio, R. Branca Edm\u00e9e Marques, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9785-0180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Pinto","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio, R. Branca Edm\u00e9e Marques, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3953-673X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Lu\u00eds","family":"Z\u00eazere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio, R. Branca Edm\u00e9e Marques, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eus\u00e9bio","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio, R. Branca Edm\u00e9e Marques, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1036-6271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo A. C.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio, R. Branca Edm\u00e9e Marques, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0883-8564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio Cruz","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio, R. Branca Edm\u00e9e Marques, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Villatte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Studies and Expertise on Risks, the Environment, Mobility and Urban Planning (CEREMA), Av. Albert Einstein, 13590 Aix-en-Provence, France"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Chanal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Studies and Expertise on Risks, the Environment, Mobility and Urban Planning (CEREMA), Av. Albert Einstein, 13590 Aix-en-Provence, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9192-9816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muriel","family":"Gasc-Barbier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Studies and Expertise on Risks, the Environment, Mobility and Urban Planning (CEREMA), Av. Albert Einstein, 13590 Aix-en-Provence, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2505-6855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oriol","family":"Monserrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Avinguda Carl Friedrich Gauss, 7, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Executive Agency for Small and Medium sized Enterprises, ECORYS, MRAG, and S.Pro. (2016). 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De Geogr."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/4\/2640\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:35:56Z","timestamp":1760121356000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/4\/2640"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["app13042640"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app13042640","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]}}}