{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T17:48:23Z","timestamp":1775065703667,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increase in life expectancy, according to the World Health Organization, is a fact, and with it rises the incidence of age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The most recurrent symptoms are those associated with tremors resulting from Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) or essential tremors (ETs). The main alternatives for the treatment of these patients are medication and surgical intervention, which sometimes have restrictions and side effects. Through computer simulations in Matlab software, this work investigates the performance of adaptive algorithms based on least mean squares (LMS) to suppress tremors in upper limbs, especially in the hands. The signals resulting from pathological hand tremors, related to PD, present components at frequencies that vary between 3 Hz and 6 Hz, with the more significant energy present in the fundamental and second harmonics, while physiological hand tremors, referred to ET, vary between 4 Hz and 12 Hz. We simulated and used these signals as reference signals in adaptive algorithms, filtered-x least mean square (Fx-LMS), filtered-x normalized least mean square (Fx-NLMS), and a hybrid Fx-LMS\u2013NLMS purpose. Our results showed that the vibration control provided by the Fx-LMS\u2013LMS algorithm is the most suitable for physiological tremors. For pathological tremors, we used a proposed algorithm with a filtered sinusoidal input signal, Fsinx-LMS, which presented the best results in this specific case.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app13053199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T02:03:08Z","timestamp":1677808988000},"page":"3199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Analysis of Adaptive Algorithms Based on Least Mean Square Applied to Hand Tremor Suppression Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2711-5097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael Silfarney Alves","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Embedded and Distributed Systems, Polytechnic School, University of Vale do Itaja\u00ed, Itaja\u00ed 88302-901, SC, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0753-1421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9ssica Cristina","family":"Tironi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Embedded and Distributed Systems, Polytechnic School, University of Vale do Itaja\u00ed, Itaja\u00ed 88302-901, SC, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1896-0520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wemerson Delcio","family":"Parreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Embedded and Distributed Systems, Polytechnic School, University of Vale do Itaja\u00ed, Itaja\u00ed 88302-901, SC, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3259-5646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata Coelho","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Department of Electrical Engineering (DAELE-CP), Federal University of Technology\u2014Paran\u00e1 (UTFPR), Corn\u00e9lio Proc\u00f3pio 86300-000, PR, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9461-7922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Francisco","family":"De Paz Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Expert Systems and Applications Lab, Faculty of Science, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0446-9271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valderi Reis Quietinho","family":"Leithardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPELABS, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"VALORIZA, Research Center for Endogenous Resources Valorization, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199603000-00003","article-title":"Classification of tremors","volume":"13","author":"Findley","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. 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