{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T11:31:30Z","timestamp":1763811090742,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["126, 1249-074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["126, 1249-074"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current work aims to offer a specific overview of the homogeneous dispersions of 2D nanomaterials in heat transfer base fluids\u2014so-called 2D nanofluids. This data compilation emerged from the critical overview of the findings of the published scientific articles regarding 2D nanofluids. The applicability of such fluids as promising alternatives to the conventional heat transfer and thermal energy storage fluids is comprehensively investigated. These are fluids that simultaneously possess superior thermophysical properties and can be processed according to innovative environmentally friendly methods and techniques. Furthermore, their very reduced dimensions are suitable for the decrease in the size of thermal management systems, and the devices have attracted a lot of attention from researchers in different fields. Some examples of 2D nanofluids are those which incorporate graphene, graphene oxide, hexagonal boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles, and hybrid formulations. Although the published results are not always consistent, it was found that this type of nanofluid can improve the thermal conductivity of traditional base fluids by more than 150%, achieving values of approximately 6500 W\u00b7m\u22121\u00b7K\u22121 and interface thermal conductance above 50 MW\u00b7m\u22122\u00b7K\u22121. Such beneficial features permit the attainment of increments above 60% in the overall efficiency of photovoltaic\/thermal solar systems, a 70% reduction in the entropy generation in parabolic trough collectors and increases of approximately 200% in the convective heat transfer coefficient in heat exchangers and heat pipes. These findings identify those fluids as suitable heat transfer and thermal storage media. The current work intends to partially suppress the literature gap by gathering detailed information on 2D nanofluids in a single study. The thermophysical properties of 2D nanofluids and not of their traditional counterparts, as it is usually encountered in the literature, and the extended detailed sections dedicated to the potential applications of 2D nanofluids are features that may set this research apart from previously published works. Additionally, a major part of the included literature references consider exclusively 2D nanomaterials and the corresponding nanofluids, which also constitutes a major gathering of specific data regarding these types of materials. Upon its conclusion, this work will provide a general overview of 2D nanofluids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app13064070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T02:35:26Z","timestamp":1679538926000},"page":"4070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Fewer Dimensions for Higher Thermal Performance: A Review on 2D Nanofluids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7244-8611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9801-7617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Moita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CINAMIL\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Desenvolvimento e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o da Academia Militar, Academia Militar, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Militar, Rua Gomes Freire, 1169-203 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5333-5056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/354056a0","article-title":"Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon","volume":"354","author":"Iijima","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Yang, P.-K., and Lee, C.-P. (2019). Applied Electrochemical Devices and Machines for Electric Mobility Solutions, Intechopen."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.20170043","article-title":"Two-Dimensional (2D) Nanomaterials towards Electrochemical Nanoarchitectonics in Energy-Related Applications","volume":"90","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS90048E","article-title":"2D Nanomaterials: Graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032002","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/ab1169","article-title":"Two-dimensional amorphous nanomaterials: Synthesis and applications","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"2D Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6225","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00558","article-title":"Recent Advances in Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials","volume":"117","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1021\/nl203906r","article-title":"Graphene-Multilayer Graphene Nanocomposites as Highly Efficient Thermal Interface Materials","volume":"12","author":"Shahil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7565","DOI":"10.1021\/jp071761s","article-title":"Graphite Nanoplatelet-Epoxy Composite Thermal Interface Materials","volume":"111","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sintl.2022.100190","article-title":"Graphene nanomaterials: The wondering material from synthesis to applications","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, B., Qayoum, A., Saleem, S., and Mir, F.Q. (2023). Effect of graphene\/hydrofluoroether (HFE-7100) nanofluids on start-up and thermal characteristics of pulsating heat pipe. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-022-11929-w"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6360","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202000223","article-title":"Exfoliation of 2D Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications","volume":"26","author":"Le","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cs00079e","article-title":"Graphene nanosheet: Synthesis, molecular engineering, thin film, hybrids, and energy and analytical applications","volume":"40","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-00529-x","article-title":"The performance limits of hexagonal boron nitride as an insulator for scaled CMOS devices based on two-dimensional materials","volume":"4","author":"Knobloch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.01.153","article-title":"A review on graphene based nanofluids: Preparation, characterization and applications","volume":"279","author":"Arshad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamze, S., Berrada, N., Cabaleiro, D., Desforges, A., Ghanbaja, J., Gleize, J., B\u00e9gin, D., Michaux, F., Mar\u00e9, T., and Vigolo, B. (2020). Few-Layer Graphene-Based Nanofluids with Enhnaced Thermal Conductivity. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10071258"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"163","article-title":"Role of graphene nanofluids on heat transfer enhancement in thermosyphon","volume":"4","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Dev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00368504221149797","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504221149797","article-title":"Thermal efficiency of radiated tetra-hybrid nanofluid [(Al2O3-CuO-TiO2-Ag)\/water]tetra under permeability effects over vertically aligned cylinder subject to magnetic field and combined convection","volume":"106","author":"Adnan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Prog."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4321","DOI":"10.3934\/math.2023215","article-title":"Applied heat transfer modelling in conventional hybrid (Al2O3-CuO)\/C2H6O2 and modified hybrid nanofluids (Al2O3-CuO-Fe3O4)\/C2H6O2 between slippery channel by using least square method (LSM)","volume":"8","author":"Adnan","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIMS Math."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2022.102568","article-title":"Numerical heat performance of TiO2\/Glycerin under nanoparticles aggregation and nonlinear radiative heat flux in dilating\/squeezing channel","volume":"41","author":"Adnan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Case Stud. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2012.12.010","article-title":"Multifunctional nanofluids with 2D nanosheets for thermal and tribological management","volume":"302","author":"Narayanan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1134\/S1070427219010117","article-title":"Properties of Modified Hexagonal Boron Nitride as Stable Nanofluids for Thermal Management Applications","volume":"92","author":"Salehirad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Russ. J. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-6-443","article-title":"Investigation on two abnormal phenomena about thermal conductivity enhancement of BN\/EG nanofluids","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhunia, M.M., Chattopadhyay, K.K., and Chattopadhyay, P. (2022). Transformer oils nanofluids by two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride nanofillers. Electr. Eng.","DOI":"10.26434\/chemrxiv-2022-lddzf"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5466","DOI":"10.1002\/ejic.201700998","article-title":"Water-Dispersible Boron Nitride Nanospheres with High Thermal Conductivity for Heat-Transfer Nanofluids","volume":"2017","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6571","DOI":"10.1021\/nn201946x","article-title":"Highly Thermo-conductive Fluid with Boron Nitride Nanofillers","volume":"5","author":"Zhi","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2014.01.016","article-title":"Thermal energy storage performance of paraffin-based composite phase change materials filled with hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets","volume":"80","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expthermflusci.2016.04.024","article-title":"Experimental investigation of heat transfer enhancement and viscosity change of h-BN nanofluids","volume":"77","author":"Ilhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.03.040","article-title":"Experimental characterization of laminar forced convection of h-BN water nanofluid in circular pipe","volume":"111","author":"Ilhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13004","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR00651B","article-title":"Boron nitride nanosheet nanofluids for enhanced thermal conductivity","volume":"10","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2020.04.034","article-title":"Thermal performance enhancement of a flat plate solar collector using hybrid nanofluid","volume":"204","author":"Hussein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2021.111378","article-title":"Improving thermal energy storage and transfer performance in solar energy storage: Nanocomposite synthesized by dispersing nano boron nitride in solar salt","volume":"232","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2022.104921","article-title":"Heat transfer, thermophysical and rheological behavior of highly stable few-layers of h-BN nanosheets\/EG-based nanofluid","volume":"33","author":"Farbod","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102896","article-title":"Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films","volume":"306","author":"Novoselov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2015.01.056","article-title":"Strain-free graphite nanoparticle synthesis by mechanical milling","volume":"275","author":"Panjiar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2019.06.076","article-title":"Graphene family nanofluids: A critical review and future research directions","volume":"196","author":"Bahiraei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.07.052","article-title":"A facile, bio-based, novel approach for synthesis of covalently functionalized graphene nanoplatelet nano\u2014Coolants toward improved thermos-physical and heat transfer properties","volume":"509","author":"Sadri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163114","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4802998","article-title":"The role of percolation and sheet dynamics during heat conduction in poly-dispersed graphene nanofluids","volume":"102","author":"Dhar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2012.12.007","article-title":"Preparation of nanofluids from functionalized Graphene by new alkaline method and study on the thermal conductivity and stability","volume":"42","author":"Ghozatloo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3459971","article-title":"Effects of nanofluids containing graphene\/graphene oxide nanosheets on critical heat flux","volume":"97","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safaei, M.R., Ahmadi, G., Goodarzi, M.S., Shadloo, M.S., Goshayeshi, H.R., and Dahari, M. (2016). Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Fully Developed Turbulent Flows of Graphene Nanoplatelets-Silver\/Water Nanofluids. Fluids, 1.","DOI":"10.3390\/fluids1030020"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2016.07.010","article-title":"Study of synthesis, stability and thermophysical properties of graphene nanoplatelet\/platinum hybrid nanofluid","volume":"77","author":"Yarmand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"15","article-title":"Experimental investigation of the solar FPC performance using graphene oxide nanofluid under forced circulation","volume":"117","author":"Vincely","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055705","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/21\/5\/055705","article-title":"Enhanced thermal Conductivities of nanofluids containing graphene oxide nanosheets","volume":"21","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.09.195","article-title":"Dispersion and assembly of reduced graphene oxide in chiral nematic liquid crystals by charged two-dimensional nanosurfactants","volume":"334","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expthermflusci.2015.03.022","article-title":"Experimental investigation on the use of reduced graphene oxide and its hybrid complexes in improving closed conduit turbulent forced convective heat transfer","volume":"66","author":"Zubir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4205","DOI":"10.1039\/c3nr00258f","article-title":"Nanoscale insight into the exfoliation mechanism of graphene with organic dyes: Effect of charge, dipole and molecular structure","volume":"5","author":"Schlierf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2017.09.031","article-title":"Graphene nanofluids containing core-shell nanoparticles with plasmon resonance effect enhanced solar energy absorption","volume":"158","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.06.013","article-title":"Study on flow boiling critical heat flux enhancement of graphene oxide\/water nanofluid","volume":"65","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physleta.2011.01.040","article-title":"Significant thermal conductivity enhancement for nanofluids containing graphene nanosheets","volume":"375","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-013-7831-6","article-title":"Enhanced thermal conductivity of nanofluids containing graphene nanoplatelets prepared by ultrasound irradiation","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1021\/i160003a005","article-title":"Thermal Conductivity of Heterogeneous Two-Components Systems","volume":"1","author":"Hamilton","year":"1962","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundamen."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1080\/01932691.2013.834423","article-title":"Turbulent Convective Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Graphene-Water nanofluid Flowing Inside a Horizontal Circular Tube","volume":"35","author":"Mansourkiaei","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dispers. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2013.10.002","article-title":"Thermodynamic properties and thermal stability of ionic liquid-based nanofluids containing graphene as advanced heat transfer fluids for medium-to-high-temperature applications","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2013.09.011","article-title":"Influence of the oxidation treatment and the average particle diameter of graphene for thermal conductivity enhancement","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-013-1989-3","article-title":"Rheology and microstructure of dilute graphene oxide suspension","volume":"15","author":"Tesfai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanoparticle Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.02.060","article-title":"Stability, thermo-physical properties, and electrical conductivity of graphene oxide-deionized water\/ethylene glycol based nanofluid","volume":"87","author":"Ijam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.07.063","article-title":"High-yield exfoliation of graphite in acrylate polymers: A stable few-layer graphene nanofluid with enhanced thermal conductivity","volume":"64","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2016.09.004","article-title":"Experimental assessment of convective heat transfer coefficient enhancement of nanofluids prepared from high surface are nanoporous graphene","volume":"78","author":"Naghash","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2018.10.098","article-title":"Effect of employing a new biological nanofluid containing functionalized graphene nanoplatelets on thermal and hydraulic characteristics of a spiral heat exchanger","volume":"180","author":"Bahiraei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.01.066","article-title":"Role of nanoparticles on boiling heat transfer performance of ethylene glycol aqueous solution based graphene nanosheets nanofluid","volume":"96","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2017.03.064","article-title":"Stability, thermal conductivity, and rheological properties of controlled reduced graphene oxide dispersed nanofluids","volume":"119","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-015-5034-x","article-title":"Effect of volume concentration and temperature on viscosity and surface tension of graphene-water nanofluid for heat transfer applications","volume":"123","author":"Ahammed","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s10765-021-02798-w","article-title":"Experimental Study on Thermophysical Properties of propylene Glycol-Based Graphene Nanofluids","volume":"42","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J. Thermophys."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s10765-021-02914-w","article-title":"Effect of Various Surfactants on the Viscosity, Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of Graphene Nanoplatelets Nanofluids","volume":"42","author":"Borode","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Thermophys."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2022.109265","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, stability, and thermal properties of graphene oxide based hybrid nanofluids for thermal applications: Experimental approach","volume":"128","author":"Kanti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jil.2022.100038","article-title":"Improved thermophysical properties of Graphene Ionanofluid as heat transfer fluids for thermal applications","volume":"2","author":"Kanti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ion. Liq."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huminic, G., Vardaru, A., Humicic, A., Fleaca, C., Dumitrache, F., and Morjan, I. (2022). Water-Based Graphene Oxide-Silicon Hybrid nanofluids\u2014Experimental and Theoretical Approach. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063056"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, N. (2022). Graphene-Based Nanofluids: Production Parameter Effects on Thermophysical Properties and Dispersion Stability. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12030357"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012026","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1074\/1\/012026","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of green-functionalized graphene nanofluids as an enhanced working fluid in heat transfer applications","volume":"1074","author":"Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-6-297","article-title":"Enhancements of thermal conductivities with Cu, CuO, and carbon nanotube nanofluids and application of MWNT\/water nanofluid on a water chiller system","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-9-151","article-title":"An experimental study on thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids containing carbon nanotubes","volume":"9","author":"Sadri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02030","article-title":"CFD analysis on heat and flow characteristics of double helically coiled tube heat exchanger handling MWCNT\/water nanofluids","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2018.10.094","article-title":"Photo-thermal conversion properties of hybrid CuO-MWCNT\/H2O nanofluids for direct solar thermal energy harvest","volume":"147","author":"Qu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2015.12.010","article-title":"Hybrid PV\/T enhancement using selectively absorbing Ag-SiO2\/carbon nanofluids","volume":"147","author":"Hjerrild","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2015.07.012","article-title":"Optical properties of carboxyl functionalized carbon nanotube aqueous nanofluids as direct solar thermal energy absorbers","volume":"119","author":"Gorji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Solar Energy"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jced.8b00783","article-title":"Experimental Investigation and Molecular Dynamics Simulations of CNT-Water Nanofluid at Different Temperatures and Volume Fractions of Nanoparticles","volume":"64","author":"Jabbari","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.10.071","article-title":"Experimental investigation on thermo physical properties of single walled carbon nanotube nanofluids","volume":"93","author":"Sabiha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.01.120","article-title":"Experimental investigation on rheological properties of water based nanofluids with low MWCNT concentrations","volume":"135","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5635","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.6b02928","article-title":"Experimental Study on Heat Transfer and Thermo-Physical Properties of Covalently Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes Nanofluids in an Annular Heat Exchanger: A Green and Novel Synthesis","volume":"31","author":"Hosseini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2013.04.013","article-title":"Viscosity of carbon nanotubes water based nanofluids: Influence of concentration and temperature","volume":"71","author":"Halelfadl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.5b02054","article-title":"Relationship of Extensional Viscosity and Liquid Crystalline Transition to Length Distribution in Carbon Nanotube Solutions","volume":"49","author":"Tsentalovich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11474","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CP00468E","article-title":"The viscosity of dilute carbon nanotube (1D) and graphene oxide (2D) nanofluids","volume":"22","author":"Ciria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/0095-8522(56)90023-X","article-title":"Application of ree-eyring generalized flow theory to suspensions of spherical particles","volume":"11","author":"Maron","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Colloid Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2012.07.017","article-title":"Experimental investigation of the thermo-physical properties of water-ethylene glycol mixture base CNT nanofluids","volume":"545","author":"Kumaresan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Therm. Acta"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"094309","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2908229","article-title":"Thermal and electrical conductivities of water-based nanofluids prepared with long multiwalled carbon nanotubes","volume":"103","author":"Glory","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.15282\/ijame.8.2013.25.0113","article-title":"Stability and Thermal Conductivity Characteristics of Carbon Nanotube Based nanofluid","volume":"8","author":"Fadhillahanafi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Automot. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2015.04.042","article-title":"Effects of thermal performance of enclosed-type evacuated U-tube solar collector with multi-walled carbon nanotube\/water nanofluid","volume":"83","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2015.11.004","article-title":"Performance characteristics of a residential-type direct absorption solar collector using MWCNT nanofluid","volume":"87","author":"Delfani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-016-5893-9","article-title":"Thermal conductivity enhancement of SiO2-MWCNT (85:15%)\u2014EG hybrid nanofluids","volume":"128","author":"Esfe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2018.01.006","article-title":"Carbon nanotube nanofluid in enhancing the efficiency of evacuated tube solar collector","volume":"121","author":"Mahbubul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.01.012","article-title":"Experimental investigation on synthesis, characterization, stability, thermos-physical properties and rheological behavior of MWCNTs-kapok seed oil based nanofluid","volume":"277","author":"Hameed","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2022.111937","article-title":"Thermal performance of nanofluids based on tungsten disulphide nanosheets as heat transfer fluids in parabolic trough solar collectors","volume":"247","author":"Navas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, S.N.A., Shahabuddin, S., Sabri, M.F.M., Salleh, M.F.M., Said, S.M., Khedher, K.M., and Sridewi, N. (2020). Two-Dimensional Tungsten Disulfide-based Ethylene Glycol Nanofluids: Stability, Thermal Conductivity, and Rheological Properties. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10071340"},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Aldana, P.U. (2016). Tungsten Disulfide Nanoparticles as Lubricant Additives for the Automotive Industry. [Ph.D. Thesis, Lyon University]."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, Y., Gong, L., Li, B., and Chen, D. (2015, January 28\u201330). An experimental investigation on thermal properties of molybdenum disulfide nanofluids. Proceedings of the International Conference on Materials, Environmental and Biological Engineering (MEBE), Guilin, China.","DOI":"10.2991\/mebe-15.2015.197"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16026-4","article-title":"Tribological, oxidation and thermal conductivity studies of microwave synthesized molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoparticles as nano-additives in diesel based engine oil","volume":"12","author":"Nagarajan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270490","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/270490","article-title":"Preparation and Enhancement of Thermal Conductivity of Heat Transfer Oil-Based MoS2 Nanofluids","volume":"2013","author":"Zeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, S.N.A., Shahabuddin, S., Khalid, M., Sabri, M.F.M., Salleh, M.F.M., Sarih, N.M., and Rahman, S. (2022). Rheological and Thermal Conductivity Study of Two-Dimensional Molybdenum Disulfide-Based Ethylene Glycol Nanofluids for Heat Transfer Applications. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12061021"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s40430-021-02799-8","article-title":"Molybdenum disulfide\/water nanofluid morphology effects on the solar collector: First and second thermodynamic law analysis","volume":"43","author":"Arani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Merino, P., Alc\u00e1ntara, R., Aguilar, T., Gallardo, J.J., Carrillo-Berdugo, I., G\u00f3mez-Villarejo, R., Rodr\u00edguez-Fern\u00e1ndez, M., and Navas, J. (2019). Stability and Thermal Properties Study of Metal Chalcogenide-Based Nanofluids for Concentrating Solar Power. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12244632"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4248","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201102306","article-title":"Two-Dimensional Nanocrystals Produced by Exfoliation of Ti3AlC2","volume":"23","author":"Naguib","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-020-10088-0","article-title":"New water-based fluorescent nanofluid containing 2D titanium carbide MXene sheets: A comparative study of its thermophysical, electrical and optical properties with amine and carboxyl covalently functionalized graphene nanoplatelets","volume":"146","author":"Rafieerad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2020.07.060","article-title":"Performance optimization of a hybrid PV\/T solar system using Soybean oil\/MXene nanofluids as A new class of heat transfer fluids","volume":"208","author":"Rubbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2020.110526","article-title":"MXene base new class of silicone oil nanofluids for the performance improvement of concentrated photovoltaic thermal collector","volume":"211","author":"Aslfattahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2022.09.015","article-title":"Self-assembly of MXene-decorated stearic acid\/ionic liquid phase change material emulsion for effective photo-thermal conversion and storage","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakthavatchalam, B., Habib, K., Saidur, R., Aslfattahi, N., Yahya, S.M., Rashedi, A., and Khanam, T. (2021). Optimization of Thermophysical and Rheological Properties of MXene Ionanofluids for Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic\/Thermal Systems. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11020320"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, L., Habib, K., Irshad, K., Saidur, R., Algarni, S., and Alqahtani, T. (2022). Thermo-Optical Characterization of Therminol55 Based MXene-Al2O3 Hybridized Nanofluid and New Correlations for Thermal Properties. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12111862"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2022.111633","article-title":"Energy, exergy, economic and environmental (4E) analysis of a parabolic through collector using MXene based silicone oil nanofluids","volume":"239","author":"Said","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2022.10.167","article-title":"MXene and functionalized graphene hybridized nanoflakes based silicone-oil nanofluids as new class of media for micro-cooling application","volume":"49","author":"Arifutzzaman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sundar, L.S., Shaik, F., and Said, Z. (2023). Experimental determination of thermophysical properties and figures-of-merit analysis of 80:20% water and ionic liquid mixture based MXene nanofluid. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C J. Mech. Eng. Sci., 09544062221148587.","DOI":"10.1177\/09544062221148587"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2022.112164","article-title":"Effect of reverse irradiation angle on the photo-thermal conversion performance of MXene nanofluid-based direct absorption solar collector","volume":"251","author":"Qu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2017.06.012","article-title":"Investigation of Fe3O4\/Graphene nanohybrid heat transfer properties: Experimental approach","volume":"87","author":"Askari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8349","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.8b05733","article-title":"Reduced Graphene Oxide-Fe3O4 Nanocomposite Based Nanofluids: Study on Ultrasonic Assisted Synthesis, Thermal Conductivity, Rheology, and Convective Heat Transfer","volume":"58","author":"Barai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14730","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71740-1","article-title":"Thermal conductivity enhancement in gold decorated graphene nanosheets in ethylene glycol based nanofluid","volume":"10","author":"Mbambo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, K.V., and De Leon, O. (2017). Applications of Nanofluids: Current and Future, Jenny Stanford Publishing. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315163574-6"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15402","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR02762E","article-title":"Mechanisms behind the enhancement of thermal properties of graphene nanofluids","volume":"10","author":"Sledzinska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taha-Tijerina, J., Ribeiro, H., Avina, K., Martinez, J.M., Godoy, A.P., Cremonezzi, J.M.O., Luciano, M.A., Benega, M.A.G., Andrade, R.J.E., and Fechine, G.J.M. (2020). Thermal Conductivity Performance of 2D h-BN\/MoS2\/-Hybrid Nanostructures Used on Natural and Synthetic Esters. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10061160"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2016.01.004","article-title":"Nanofluid based on activated hybrid of biomass carbon\/graphene oxide: Synthesis, thermo-physical and electrical properties","volume":"72","author":"Yarmand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2017.03.001","article-title":"Experimental investigation of the thermal transport properties of graphene oxide\/Co3O4 hybrid nanofluids","volume":"84","author":"Sundar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.07.070","article-title":"Entropy generation analysis of graphene-alumina hybrid nanofluid in multiport minichannel heat exchanger coupled with thermoelectric cooler","volume":"103","author":"Ahammed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2018.04.017","article-title":"Performance analysis of hybrid nanofluids in flat plate solar collector as an advanced working fluid","volume":"167","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omri, M., Aich, W., Rmili, H., and Kolsi, L. (2022). Experimental Analysis of the Thermal Performance Enhancement of a Vertical Helical Coil Heat Exchanger Using Copper Oxide-Graphene (80\u201320%) Hybrid Nanofluid. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app122211614"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahamude, A.S.F., Harun, W.S.S., Kadirgama, K., Ramasamy, D., Farhana, K., Salih, K., and Yusaf, T. (2022). Experimental Study on the Efficiency Improvement of Flat Plate Solar Collectors Using Hybrid Nanofluids Graphene\/Waste Cotton. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15072309"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.120455","article-title":"Investigation of thermal conductivity enhancement of water-based graphene\/MXene nanofluids","volume":"367","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2016.03.015","article-title":"Experimental investigation of thermophysical properties and heat transfer rate of covalently functionalized MWCNT in an annular heat exchanger","volume":"75","author":"Arzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expthermflusci.2013.11.018","article-title":"Convective heat transfer enhancement of graphene nanofluids in shell and tube heat exchanger","volume":"53","author":"Ghozatloo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-6-289","article-title":"Enhanced convective heat transfer using graphene dispersed nanofluids","volume":"6","author":"Baby","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expthermflusci.2016.12.004","article-title":"Exergy analysis of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger using graphene oxide nanofluids","volume":"83","author":"Esfahani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.01.081","article-title":"Experimental investigation on heat transfer and pressure drop of MWCNT-Solar glycol based nanofluids in shot peened double pipe heat exchanger","volume":"345","author":"Poongavanam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2020.100584","article-title":"Heat transfer analysis of a shell and tube heat exchanger operated with graphene nanofluids","volume":"18","author":"Fares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Stud. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"37","article-title":"Experimental investigation of the performance of CuO-graphene nanoplatelet\/water hybrid nanofluid in concentric tube heat exchanger","volume":"6","author":"Sen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Stud."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.21608\/ijaes.2021.83292.1004","article-title":"An Experimental Study of Laminar Flow for Graphene Nanofluid in Double Micro Heat Exchanger","volume":"3","author":"Abdallah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2020.104716","article-title":"Enhanced heat transfer behavior of micro channel heat sink with graphene based nanofluids","volume":"117","author":"Balaji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124304","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4769353","article-title":"Graphene wrapped multiwalled carbon nanotubes dispersed nanofluids for heat transfer applications","volume":"112","author":"Aravind","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2015.05.023","article-title":"Graphene nanoplatelets-silver hybrid nanofluids for enhanced heat transfer","volume":"100","author":"Yarmand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.04.017","article-title":"Highly dispersed reduced graphene oxide and its hybrid complexes as effective additives for improving thermophysical property of heat transfer fluid","volume":"87","author":"Zubir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123370","article-title":"Impact of graphene nanofluid and phase change material on hybrid photovoltaic thermal system: Exergy analysis","volume":"277","author":"Wahab","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.05.130","article-title":"Thermal management and uniform temperature regulation of photovoltaic modules using hybrid phase change materials-nanofluids system","volume":"145","author":"Hassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11487","DOI":"10.1002\/er.5770","article-title":"Optical properties and stability of water-based nanofluids mixed with reduced graphene oxide decorated with silver and energy performance investigation in hybrid photovoltaic\/thermal solar systems","volume":"44","author":"Abdelrazik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105794","article-title":"Performance enhancement of hybrid solar PV\/T system with graphene based nanofluids","volume":"130","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cles.2022.100010","article-title":"Numerical Investigation and Feasibility Study on MXene\/Water Based Photovoltaic\/thermal System","volume":"2","author":"Sreekumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clean. Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.04.131","article-title":"Experimental investigation on the thermal behavior of nanofluid direct absorption in a trough collector","volume":"158","author":"Kaseian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2020.112862","article-title":"Exfoliated graphene oxide-base nanofluids with enhanced thermal and optical properties for solar collectors in concentrating solar power","volume":"306","author":"Aguilar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2022.111875","article-title":"BN white graphene well-dispersed solar salt nanofluids with significant improved thermal properties for concentrated solar power plants","volume":"245","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2014.03.013","article-title":"High temperature and long-term stability of carbon nanotube nanofluids for direct absorption solar thermal collectors","volume":"105","author":"Hordy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2019.104450","article-title":"Application of graphene oxide IoNanofluid as a superior heat transfer fluid in concentrated solar power plants","volume":"111","author":"Hosseinghorbany","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"102466","article-title":"Performance evaluation of evacuated tube solar collector using boron nitride nanofluid","volume":"53","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19799","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-022-07863-9","article-title":"Photothermal conversion characteristics and exergy analysis of TiN@h-BN composite nanofluids","volume":"57","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-014-4048-0","article-title":"Heat transfer and rheological properties of transformer oil-oxidized MWCNT nanofluid","volume":"118","author":"Beheshti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maharana, M., Baruah, N., Nayak, S.K., Sahoo, N., Wu, K., and Goswami, L. (2022). Electrohydrodynamics Analysis of Dielectric 2D Nanofluids. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12091489"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida, C., Paul, S., Asirvatham, L.G., Manova, S., Nimmagadda, R., Bose, J.R., and Wongwises, S. (2020). Experimental Studies on Thermophysical and Electrical Properties of Graphene-Transformer Oil Nanofluid. Fluids, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/fluids5040172"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107222","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA17687E","article-title":"Transformer oil based multi-walled carbon nanotube-hexylamine coolant with optimized electrical, thermal and rheological enhancements","volume":"5","author":"Amiri","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2017.03.011","article-title":"Transformer oils-based graphene quantum dots nanofluid as a new generation of highly conductive and stable coolant","volume":"83","author":"Amiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20984","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77810-8","article-title":"Systematic study of multi-walled carbon nanotube nanofluids based disposed transformer oil","volume":"10","author":"Suhaimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2021.101713","article-title":"Experimental investigation on thermal performance of covalently functionalized hydroxylated and non-covalently functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotubes\/transformer oil nanofluid","volume":"31","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2022.02.071","article-title":"performance and limitation of mineral-oil based carbon nanotubes nanofluid in transformer application","volume":"61","author":"Suhaimi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alex. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30495","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA04484B","article-title":"Ethylene glycol nanofluids dispersed with monolayer graphene oxide nanosheet for high-performance subzero cold thermal energy storage","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.12.065","article-title":"Heat transfer enhancement of geothermal energy piles","volume":"57","author":"Faizal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3842","DOI":"10.1002\/htj.22054","article-title":"A study on utilization of ground source energy for space heating using a nanofluid as a heat carrier","volume":"50","author":"Tarodiya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heat Transf."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2020.108115","article-title":"Properties, heat transfer, energy efficiency and environmental emissions analysis of flat plate collector using nanodiamond nanofluids","volume":"110","author":"Sundar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.04.044","article-title":"Towards a holistic environmental impact assessment of carbon nanotube growth through chemical vapor deposition","volume":"129","author":"Trompeta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.3844\/ajessp.2008.522.534","article-title":"Environmental Impact Assessment for Potential Continuous Processes for the Production of Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"4","author":"Singh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2012.702039","article-title":"Review of Potential Environmental and Health Risks of the Nanomaterial Graphene","volume":"19","author":"Arvidsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2016.10885","article-title":"Nanomaterial Induced Immune Responses and Cytotoxicity","volume":"16","author":"Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1039\/C7EN00401J","article-title":"Environmental impact and potential health risks of 2D nanomaterials","volume":"4","author":"Fojtu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143470","article-title":"Nanomaterials in the environment, human exposure pathway, and health effects: A review","volume":"759","author":"Malakar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.5185\/amlett.2017.1413","article-title":"Review of environmental life cycle assessment studies of graphene production","volume":"8","author":"Arvidsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.04.076","article-title":"Energy and resource use assessment of graphene as a substitute for indium tin oxide in transparent electrodes","volume":"136","author":"Arvidsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5874","DOI":"10.1039\/C7GC02444D","article-title":"A comparative LCA study of different graphene production routes","volume":"19","author":"Cossuta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-020-01864-z","article-title":"Towards a more environmentally sustainable production of graphene-based materials","volume":"26","author":"Hischier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Cycle Assess."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118468","article-title":"A comparative life cycle assessment of graphene and activated carbon in a supercapacitor application","volume":"242","author":"Cossuta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.12526","article-title":"Prospective Life Cycle Assessment of Epitaxial Graphene Production at Different Manufacturing Scales and Maturity","volume":"21","author":"Arvidssen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10582","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b04758","article-title":"Safety Assessment of Graphene-Based Materials: Focus on Human Health and the Environment","volume":"12","author":"Fadeel","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-016-1151-4","article-title":"Deriving characterization factors on freshwater ecotoxicity of graphene oxide nanomaterial for life cycle impact assessment","volume":"22","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Cycle Assess."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122465","article-title":"Assessing the environmental impact and payback of carbon nanotube supported CO2 capature technologies using LCA methodology","volume":"270","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2011.10.050","article-title":"A framework for environmental assessment of CO2 capture and storage systems","volume":"37","author":"Sathre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.07.091","article-title":"LCA of tungsten dissulphide (WS2) nano-particles synthesis: State of art and from-cradle-to-gate LCA","volume":"139","author":"Bobba","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-022-05563-8","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of large-scale production of MoS2 nanomaterials through the solvothermal method","volume":"24","author":"Hachhach","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_179","unstructured":"European Commission, Joint Research Center, Institute for Environment and Sustainability (2023, January 01). ILCD Handbook: Analysis of Existing Environmental Impact Assessment Methodologies for Use in Life Cycle Assessment. Available online: https:\/\/eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/uploads\/ILCD-Handbook-LCIA-Background-analysis-online-12March2010.pdf."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2018.11.009","article-title":"Ecosystem type and resource quality are more important than global change drivers in regulating early stages of litter decompostion","volume":"129","author":"King","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frascoli, F., and Hudson-Edwards, K.A. (2018). Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Microbiology of Molybdenum in Mining-Affected Environments. Minerals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/min8020042"}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/6\/4070\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:00:59Z","timestamp":1760122859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/6\/4070"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"references-count":181,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["app13064070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app13064070","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3417"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]}}}