{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T02:00:03Z","timestamp":1777341603990,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) under the R&amp;D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE)","award":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) under the R&amp;D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE)","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) under the R&amp;D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE)","award":["ERA-MIN\/0001\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-MIN\/0001\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems ARISE under reference","award":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems ARISE under reference","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems ARISE under reference","award":["ERA-MIN\/0001\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-MIN\/0001\/2018"]}]},{"name":"MINECO\u2014New Eco-Innovative Materials for Mining Infra","award":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MINECO\u2014New Eco-Innovative Materials for Mining Infra","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MINECO\u2014New Eco-Innovative Materials for Mining Infra","award":["ERA-MIN\/0001\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-MIN\/0001\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["ERA-MIN\/0001\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-MIN\/0001\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mining is a primary sector for the national economy of many countries, but exploiting these natural resources causes negative impacts on the environment. Tailings produced during mining, called mine tailings, have to be disposed of, and for that purpose, they are often mixed with Portland cement to control environmental toxicity and improve their mechanical properties. However, the high environmental impacts of producing Portland cement are well known. In this sense, sustainable binders based on the alkaline activation of industrial wastes have been studied as an alternative to using Portland cement. This study focused on applying a sustainable binder based on the alkaline activation of fly ash to improve the mechanical performance of a mine tailing from a mine located in Portugal. Geotechnical tests and chemical analysis were conducted to characterize the mine tailing and fly ash used in the alkaline activation process. In addition, triaxial tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical performance of the specimens, with both natural and stabilized tailings. The developed study proved that stabilized tailing with activated fly ash shows promising mechanical performance showing that this approach can be an excellent alternative to using Portland cement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app13074103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T03:16:46Z","timestamp":1679627806000},"page":"4103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Mechanical Behavior of a Mine Tailing Stabilized with a Sustainable Binder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6823-7037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid Reza","family":"Manaviparast","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Elmira Khaksar","family":"Najafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3600-1094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Cristelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4054-6860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISISE, ARISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13145","DOI":"10.1111\/ejss.13145","article-title":"Sustainable Futures over the next Decade Are Rooted in Soil Science","volume":"73","author":"Evans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. 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