{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:20:03Z","timestamp":1767831603990,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020- UIDP\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020- UIDP\/00511\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/BTABTA\/2902\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BTABTA\/2902\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.07412.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.07412.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020- UIDP\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020- UIDP\/00511\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/BTABTA\/2902\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BTABTA\/2902\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.07412.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.07412.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020- UIDP\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020- UIDP\/00511\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/BTABTA\/2902\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BTABTA\/2902\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.07412.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.07412.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020- UIDP\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020- UIDP\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme","award":["PTDC\/BTABTA\/2902\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BTABTA\/2902\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000054"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000069"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme","award":["2021.07412.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.07412.BD"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020- UIDP\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020- UIDP\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme","award":["PTDC\/BTABTA\/2902\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BTABTA\/2902\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000054"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000069"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme","award":["2021.07412.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.07412.BD"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT PhD Research Scholarship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT PhD Research Scholarship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020- UIDP\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020- UIDP\/00511\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT PhD Research Scholarship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/BTABTA\/2902\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BTABTA\/2902\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT PhD Research Scholarship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT PhD Research Scholarship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT PhD Research Scholarship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.07412.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.07412.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The low-efficiency rate of urban wastewater (UWW) treatment generates tons of discharged water with a high concentration of pollutants, pathogens and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs). Microalgal systems may be a green alternative to be implemented as a UWW polishing treatment. This study assessed the ability of Chlorella vulgaris and UWW autochthonous microalgal species (AMS) to simultaneously remove PO4\u2013P, and reduce the proliferation of coliforms and ARGs. AMS seems to be more promising due to: (i) the higher specific growth rate, \u03bcmax (0.687 \u00b1 0.065 d\u22121); (ii) efficient PO4\u2013P removal (92.62 \u00b1 0.10%); (iii) faster reduction of coliforms proliferation achieving concentrations below the limits of quantification (6 d); (iv) the reduction of intl1 and the ARGs sul1 and blaTEM abundance in ca. of 70.4%, 69.2%, and 75.7%, respectively (9 d); and (v) the additional reduction of these genes in ca. of 97.1%, 94.2%, and 99.9%, respectively, after 5 d storage in the dark and at room temperature. Results also revealed that the high pH values in both microalgal systems (due to microalgal growth) were highly correlated with a reduction in the proliferation of coliforms, including Escherichia coli. In conclusion, using AMS as a final polishing treatment of UWW seems to be very promising.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app13074266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T02:11:40Z","timestamp":1679969500000},"page":"4266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Microalgal Systems, a Green Solution for Wastewater Conventional Pollutants Removal, Disinfection, and Reduction of Antibiotic Resistance Genes Prevalence?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Helena M.","family":"Amaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana F.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eva M.","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2738-5102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 C. M.","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Olga C.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-237-2021","article-title":"Country-level and gridded estimates of wastewater production, collection, treatment and reuse","volume":"13","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.07.002","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis reveals wastewater treatment plants as hotspots of antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements","volume":"123","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124680","article-title":"Use of microalgae based technology for the removal of antibiotics from wastewater: A review","volume":"238","author":"Leng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10177","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-021-03820-2","article-title":"Removal of pathogens from domestic wastewater by microalgal-bacterial systems under different cultivation conditions","volume":"19","author":"Ruas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150707","article-title":"Towards environment-sustainable wastewater treatment and reclamation by the non-aerated microalgal-bacterial granular sludge process: Recent advances and future directions","volume":"806","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Sher Bahadar, K., and Kalsoom, A. (2018). Photocatalysts, IntechOpen. Chapter 1."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"EPA (1999). Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet: Chlorine Desinfection, EPA."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118053","article-title":"Ozonation of organic compounds in water and wastewater: A critical review","volume":"213","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9183.113209","article-title":"A review on wastewater disinfection","volume":"2","author":"Amin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Env. Health Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2018.12.001","article-title":"Microplastics in drinking water: A review and assessment","volume":"7","author":"Leslie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2016.11.008","article-title":"A review on the use of microalgal consortia for wastewater treatment","volume":"24","author":"Pires","year":"2017","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.09.058","article-title":"A review on environmental monitoring of water organic pollutants identified by eu guidelines","volume":"344","author":"Sousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1002\/elsc.201900071","article-title":"Microalgae wastewater treatment: Biological and technological approaches","volume":"19","author":"Wollmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117932","article-title":"Overgrowth control of potentially hazardous bacteria during storage of ozone treated wastewater through natural competition","volume":"209","author":"Moreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Hao, Y., Yang, T., Xiao, W., Pan, M., Huo, S., and Lyu, T. (2022). Enhancing bioenergy production from the raw and defatted microalgal biomass using wastewater as the cultivation medium. Bioengineering, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9110637"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.116224","article-title":"Can microalgae grown in wastewater reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers?","volume":"323","author":"Uggetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2013.01.016","article-title":"Detection and fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria in wastewater treatment plants: A review","volume":"91","author":"Bouki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1139\/er-2018-0006","article-title":"Disinfection processes and mechanisms in wastewater stabilization ponds: A review","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2009.03.007","article-title":"Chemical evaluation of contaminants in wastewater effluents and the environmental risk of reusing effluents in agriculture","volume":"28","year":"2009","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-017-1280-6","article-title":"Evaluation of domestic wastewater treatment using microalgal-bacterial processes: Effect of co2 addition on pathogen removal","volume":"30","author":"Ruas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.12.059","article-title":"Influence of ph and co2 source on the performance of microalgae-based secondary domestic wastewater treatment in outdoors pilot raceways","volume":"265","author":"Posadas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2002.0010","article-title":"The effect of ph on enterococci removal in pistia-, duckweed- and algae-based stabilization ponds for domestic wastewater treatment","volume":"45","author":"Awuah","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2006.06.011","article-title":"Algal\u2013bacterial processes for the treatment of hazardous contaminants: A review","volume":"40","author":"Guieysse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.127874","article-title":"Algal-bacterial consortium mediated system offers effective removal of nitrogen nutrients and antibiotic resistance genes","volume":"362","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salgado, E.M., Gon\u00e7alves, A.L., S\u00e1nchez-Sober\u00f3n, F., Ratola, N., and Pires, J.C.M. (2022). Microalgal cultures for the bioremediation of urban wastewaters in the presence of siloxanes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052634"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.125755","article-title":"Energy and nutrients recovery from wastewater cultivated microalgae: Assessment of the impact of wastewater dilution on biogas yield","volume":"341","author":"Longoria","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"APHA (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, APHA. [23rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2019.100199","article-title":"Microalgal-bacterial aggregates for wastewater treatment: A mini-review","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"EPA (1971). Method 352.1: Nitrogen, Nitrate (Colorimetric, Brucine) by Spectrophotometer, EPA."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1039\/B811942B","article-title":"Quantification of humic acids in surface water: Effects of divalent cations, ph, and filtration","volume":"11","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.12.054","article-title":"Influence of microalgal n and p composition on wastewater nutrient remediation","volume":"91","author":"Whitton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.10.001","article-title":"Blatem and vana as indicator genes of antibiotic resistance contamination in a hospital\u2013urban wastewater treatment plant system","volume":"2","author":"Varela","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4481","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.07878-11","article-title":"Simple absolute quantification method correcting for quantitative pcr efficiency variations for microbial community samples","volume":"78","author":"Brankatschk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.112797","article-title":"The miqe guidelines: Minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time pcr experiments","volume":"55","author":"Bustin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144590","article-title":"Revisiting carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus metabolisms in microalgae for wastewater treatment","volume":"762","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2022.102685","article-title":"Effects of led lighting on nannochloropsis oceanica grown in outdoor raceway ponds","volume":"64","author":"Carneiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151928","article-title":"Algal consortia based metal detoxification of municipal wastewater: Implication on photosynthetic performance, lipid production, and defense responses","volume":"814","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-022-02212-z","article-title":"Microalgal photoautotrophic growth induces ph decrease in the aquatic environment by acidic metabolites secretion","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels Bioprod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2011.06.006","article-title":"Bicarbonate produced from carbon capture for algae culture","volume":"29","author":"Chi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"APHA (1992). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, APHA. [18th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"EUR-Lex (1998). Commission directive 98\/15\/ec of 27 february 1998 amending council directive 91\/271\/eec with respect to certain requirements established in annex i thereof. Off. J. Eur. Communities, 67, 29\u201330."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122799","article-title":"Performance of chlorella sorokiniana-activated sludge consortium treating wastewater under light-limited heterotrophic condition","volume":"382","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.04.078","article-title":"Treatment of real wastewater using co-culture of immobilized chlorella vulgaris and suspended activated sludge","volume":"120","author":"Mujtaba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2019.101690","article-title":"Growth performance and nutrient removal of a chlorella vulgaris-rhizobium sp. Co-culture during mixotrophic feed-batch cultivation in synthetic wastewater","volume":"44","author":"Ferro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6123","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42521-2","article-title":"Nutrient removal and microalgal biomass production from different anaerobic digestion effluents with chlorella species","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"EUW Directive (1991). Council Directive of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste water treatment (91\/271\/EEC). J. Eur. Commun., 135, 40\u201352."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2017.0281","article-title":"Correlation between levels of humic acid and fecal indicator bacteria: A potential predictor of biosolids stabilization","volume":"35","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacob-Lopes, E., Zepka, L.Q., and Queiroz, M.I. (2018). Microalgal Biotechnology, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.71228"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135034","article-title":"The humic acid-like substances released from microcystis aeruginosa contribute to defending against smaller-sized microplastics","volume":"303","author":"Jiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2015.04.080","article-title":"Role of extracellular polymeric substances from chlorella vulgaris in the removal of ammonium and orthophosphate under the stress of cadmium","volume":"190","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2021.26472","article-title":"Effects of chlorella extracellular polymeric substances on the aggregation and stability of tio2 nanoparticles as electrolytes","volume":"209","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Desalination Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.104","article-title":"Extracellular polysaccharide produced by chlorella vulgaris\u2014Chemical characterization and anti-asthmatic profile","volume":"135","author":"Capek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(98)00321-2","article-title":"Inactivation of faecal indicator micro-organisms in waste stabilisation ponds: Interactions of environmental factors with sunlight","volume":"33","author":"Donnison","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.03.046","article-title":"Multivariate statistical analysis of water chemistry conditions in three wastewater stabilization ponds with algae blooms and ph fluctuations","volume":"96","author":"Wallace","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2003.0605","article-title":"Bacteria reduction and nutrient removal in small wastewater treatment plants by an algal biofilm","volume":"47","author":"Schumacher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(94)90131-7","article-title":"High-rate algal pond performances in faecal coliforms and helminth egg removals","volume":"28","author":"Khallayoune","year":"1994","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155871","article-title":"Microalgae-bacteria consortium for wastewater treatment and biomass production","volume":"838","author":"Aditya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-018-0005-y","article-title":"Algal\u2013bacterial synergy in treatment of winery wastewater","volume":"1","author":"Higgins","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Clean Water"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150082","article-title":"Constructed microalgal-bacterial symbiotic (mbs) system: Classification, performance, partnerships and perspectives","volume":"803","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2020.107684","article-title":"Prospects and development of algal-bacterial biotechnology in environmental management and protection","volume":"47","author":"Yong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.226","article-title":"Using the class 1 integron-integrase gene as a proxy for anthropogenic pollution","volume":"9","author":"Gillings","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134435","article-title":"Removal of antibiotic resistance genes in an algal-based wastewater treatment system employing galdieria sulphuraria: A comparative study","volume":"711","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7276","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-2613-5","article-title":"Occurrence and abundance of tetracycline, sulfonamide resistance genes, and class 1 integron in five wastewater treatment plants","volume":"21","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/7\/4266\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:04:33Z","timestamp":1760123073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/7\/4266"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["app13074266"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app13074266","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]}}}