{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T06:20:14Z","timestamp":1777098014972,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"national funds through the FCT\u2013Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04292\/2020\u2013MARE\u2013Marine"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04292\/2020\u2013MARE\u2013Marine"]}]},{"name":"national funds through the FCT\u2013Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through the FCT\u2013Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["EAPA_451\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA_451\/2016"]}]},{"name":"national funds through the FCT\u2013Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04292\/2020\u2013MARE\u2013Marine"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04292\/2020\u2013MARE\u2013Marine"]}]},{"name":"national funds through Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["EAPA_451\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA_451\/2016"]}]},{"name":"national funds through Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["UIDB\/04292\/2020\u2013MARE\u2013Marine"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04292\/2020\u2013MARE\u2013Marine"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["EAPA_451\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA_451\/2016"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04292\/2020\u2013MARE\u2013Marine"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04292\/2020\u2013MARE\u2013Marine"]}]},{"name":"national funds through Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["EAPA_451\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA_451\/2016"]}]},{"name":"national funds through Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The seaweed-based biostimulants available in the market are proven to achieve better results than synthetic commercial fertilizers in plant growth parameters. There are many compounds present in seaweeds that are responsible for the plant bioactivities. Seaweed polysaccharides, such as agar, alginate, and carrageenan, make up most of the seaweed biomass and are proven to achieve excellent results in agricultural crops (in poly- and oligosaccharides formula). These types of compounds are reported to improve seed germination and plant vigor, increase the uptake of soil nutrients, and protect plants against several abiotic and biotic stresses such as salinity, drought, temperature, and pathogens. When applied to the soil directly or sprayed on the foliage, seaweed poly- and oligosaccharides can protect plants against pathogens by stimulating a plant to produce secondary metabolites and manage its defense pathways. Therefore, seaweed poly- and oligosaccharides constitute an important source of potential elicitors in plants and have a particular interest for agriculture. Thus, in this review, the focus is on the potential application of these compounds in the agricultural domain: problems, obstacles, and possibilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app13116594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T02:33:27Z","timestamp":1685414007000},"page":"6594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Seaweed Polysaccharides in Agriculture: A Next Step towards Sustainability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mariana","family":"Mamede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2013Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET\u2013Aquatic Research Network, IATV\u2013Institute of Environment, Technology and Life, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cal\u00e7ada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5244-221X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Cotas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2013Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET\u2013Aquatic Research Network, IATV\u2013Institute of Environment, Technology and Life, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cal\u00e7ada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2208-2946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiril","family":"Bahcevandziev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS), Coimbra Agriculture School, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6819-0619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonel","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2013Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET\u2013Aquatic Research Network, IATV\u2013Institute of Environment, Technology and Life, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cal\u00e7ada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto do Ambiente Tecnologia e Vida, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-009-9103-x","article-title":"Seaweed Extracts as Biostimulants of Plant Growth and Development","volume":"28","author":"Khan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12839","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-021-03568-9","article-title":"Utilization of Seaweed-Based Biostimulants in Improving Plant and Soil Health: Current Updates and Future Prospective","volume":"19","author":"Nanda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-015-0781-4","article-title":"Activity of Seaweed Extracts and Polysaccharide-Enriched Extracts from Ulva lactuca and Padina gymnospora as Growth Promoters of Tomato and Mung Bean Plants","volume":"28","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-020-02309-8","article-title":"Phytoelicitor Activity of Sargassum vulgare and Acanthophora spicifera Extracts and Their Prospects for Use in Vegetable Crops for Sustainable Crop Production","volume":"33","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-010-9560-4","article-title":"Seaweed Extract Stimuli in Plant Science and Agriculture","volume":"23","author":"Craigie","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02179784","article-title":"Effect of Seaweed Concentrate on the Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Nutrient-Stressed Lettuce","volume":"2","author":"Crouch","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-007-9280-6","article-title":"Rapid Bioassays to Evaluate the Plant Growth Promoting Activity of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol. Using a Model Plant, Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh","volume":"20","author":"Rayorath","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.3390\/md9122514","article-title":"Seaweed Polysaccharides and Derived Oligosaccharides Stimulate Defense Responses and Protection against Pathogens in Plants","volume":"9","author":"Vera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-011-9737-5","article-title":"Biostimulant Activity of Brown Seaweed Species from Strangford Lough: Compositional Analyses of Polysaccharides and Bioassay of Extracts Using Mung Bean (Vigno mungo L.) and Pak Choi (Brassica rapa Chinensis L.)","volume":"24","author":"Sharma","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S185","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.010455","article-title":"Sugar Sensing and Signaling in Plants","volume":"14","author":"Rolland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, O., Ramsubhag, A., and Jayaraman, J. (2021). Biostimulant Properties of Seaweed Extracts in Plants: Implications towards Sustainable Crop Production. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10030531"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-006-9114-y","article-title":"Structurally Unrelated Algal Oligosaccharides Differentially Stimulate Growth and Defense against Tobacco Mosaic Virus in Tobacco Plants","volume":"19","author":"Laporte","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, A.K., Vadrale, A.P., Singhania, R.R., Michaud, P., Pandey, A., Chen, S.J., Chen, C.W., and Dong, C.D. (2022). Algal Polysaccharides: Current Status and Future Prospects. Phytochem. Rev., 1\u201330.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-021-09799-5"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"100097","article-title":"Seaweeds\u2019 Carbohydrate Polymers as Plant Growth Promoters","volume":"2","author":"Pacheco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0981(03)00244-2","article-title":"Water-Soluble Polysaccharides of Some Far-Eastern Brown Seaweeds. Distribution, Structure, and Their Dependence on the Developmental Conditions","volume":"294","author":"Zvyagintseva","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.03.057","article-title":"Chemical Composition of Red, Brown and Green Macroalgae from Buarcos Bay in Central West Coast of Portugal","volume":"183","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2010.05.021","article-title":"Structural Characterization of Laminaran and Galactofucan Extracted from the Brown Seaweed Saccharina Longicruris","volume":"71","author":"Rioux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-006-0377-7","article-title":"Bioconversion of Red Seaweed Galactans: A Focus on Bacterial Agarases and Carrageenases","volume":"71","author":"Michel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6215(00)82100-X","article-title":"Uronic Acid Sequence in Alginate from Different Sources","volume":"32","author":"Haug","year":"1974","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, L., and Cotas, J. (2020). Alginates-Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.77849"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"e05049","article-title":"Re-evaluation of Alginic Acid and Its Sodium, Potassium, Ammonium and Calcium Salts (E 400\u2013E 404) as Food Additives","volume":"15","author":"Younes","year":"2017","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Carmona, G., Freile-Pelegr\u00edn, Y., and Hern\u00e1ndez-Garibay, E. (2013). Functional Ingredients from Algae for Foods and Nutraceuticals, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Brownlee, I.A., Seal, C.J., Wilcox, M., Dettmar, P.W., and Pearson, J.P. (2009). Alginates: Biology and Applications, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Vandamme, E.J., De Baets, S., and Steinb\u00fcchel, A. (2002). Biopolymers Online, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2006.05.007","article-title":"Metabolites from Algae with Economical Impact","volume":"146","author":"Cardozo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Qin, Y., Jiang, J., Zhao, L., Zhang, J., and Wang, F. (2018). Biopolymers for Food Design, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-6215(96)00057-2","article-title":"Biosynthesis of Agar Polysaccharides in Gracilaria chilensis Bird, McLachlan et Oliveira","volume":"287","author":"Hemmingson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"e04640","article-title":"Re-evaluation of Agar (E 406) as a Food Additive","volume":"14","author":"Mortensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravishankar, G., and Rao, A.R. (2019). Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429057991"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"105","article-title":"A Guide to the Seaweed Industry","volume":"441","author":"McHugh","year":"2003","journal-title":"FAO Fish. Tech. Pap."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11817","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11817","article-title":"Directed Percolation Identified as Equilibrium Pre-Transition towards Non-Equilibrium Arrested Gel States","volume":"7","author":"Kohl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Vandamme, E.J., De Baets, S., and Steinb\u00fcchel, A. (2002). Biopolymers Online, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/20024091064282","article-title":"A Critical Review of the Toxicological Effects of Carrageenan and Processed Eucheuma Seaweed on the Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"32","author":"Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2016.07.006","article-title":"Effects of Carrageenan on Cell Permeability, Cytotoxicity, and Cytokine Gene Expression in Human Intestinal and Hepatic Cell Lines","volume":"96","author":"McKim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Hansen, J.H., Groendal, J., and Larsen, H. (2000). Carrageenan Compositions and Methods for Their Production. (No. 6,063,915), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leandro, A., Pacheco, D., Cotas, J., Marques, J.C., Pereira, L., and Gon\u00e7alves, A.M.M. (2020). Seaweed\u2019s Bioactive Candidate Compounds to Food Industry and Global Food Security. Life, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/life10080140"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"e05238","article-title":"Re-evaluation of Carrageenan (E 407) and Processed Eucheuma Seaweed (E 407a) as Food Additives","volume":"16","author":"Younes","year":"2018","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1139\/v55-163","article-title":"Studies on the Heterogeneity of Carrageenin","volume":"33","author":"Smith","year":"1955","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1007\/s00343-019-8109-x","article-title":"Production of Bio-Fertilizer from Ascophyllum nodosum and Sargassum muticum (Phaeophyceae)","volume":"37","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oceanol. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"27","article-title":"Effects of \u201cSarga\u00e7o\u201d Extraction Residues on Seed Germination","volume":"2","author":"Sousa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Millenium"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.09.241","article-title":"Life Cycle Impact Assessment of a Seaweed Product Obtained from Gracilaria edulis\u2014A Potent Plant Biostimulant","volume":"170","author":"Eswaran","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.24275\/uam\/izt\/dcbs\/hidro\/2018v28n1\/HernandezC","article-title":"Seaweed as Potential Plant Growth Stimulants for Agriculture in Mexico","volume":"28","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hidrobiol\u00f3gica"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-018-1680-2","article-title":"Biostimulant Activity of Individual and Blended Seaweed Extracts on the Germination and Growth of the Mung Bean","volume":"31","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.3923\/jbs.2006.1130.1133","article-title":"Effect of Seaweed Suspensions on Seed Germination of Tomato, Pepper and Aubergine","volume":"6","author":"Nilsun","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JAPH.0000044778.44193.a8","article-title":"Alginic Acids in Lessonia Vadosa: Partial Hydrolysis and Elicitor Properties of the Polymannuronic Acid Fraction","volume":"16","author":"Matsuhiro","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouissil, S., El Alaoui-Talibi, Z., Pierre, G., Michaud, P., El Modafar, C., and Delattre, C. (2020). Use of Alginate Extracted from Moroccan Brown Algae to Stimulate Natural Defense in Date Palm Roots. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030720"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dey, P., Ramanujam, R., Venkatesan, G., and Nagarathnam, R. (2019). Sodium Alginate Potentiates Antioxidant Defense and PR Proteins against Early Blight Disease Caused by Alternaria solani in Solanum lycopersicum Linn. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223216"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1080\/17429145.2018.1471528","article-title":"Seaweed Polysaccharides as Bio-Elicitors of Natural Defenses in Olive Trees against Verticillium wilt of Olive","volume":"13","author":"Aghrouss","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plant Interact."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-012-9309-1","article-title":"Seaweed Oligosaccharides Stimulate Plant Growth by Enhancing Carbon and Nitrogen Assimilation, Basal Metabolism, and Cell Division","volume":"32","author":"Castro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2022). Sustainable Global Resources of Seaweeds Volume 2, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2018.12.009","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Traditional Uses, Bioactivity Potential, and Chemical Diversity of the Genus Gracilaria (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta)","volume":"37","author":"Torres","year":"2019","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shukla, P.S., Borza, T., Critchley, A.T., and Prithiviraj, B. (2021). Seaweed-Based Compounds and Products for Sustainable Protection against Plant Pathogens. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19020059"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2016.00081","article-title":"Carrageenans from Red Seaweeds as Promoters of Growth and Elicitors of Defense Response in Plants","volume":"3","author":"Shukla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9452(01)00372-7","article-title":"Carrageenan Oligosaccharides Enhance Stress-Induced Microspore Embryogenesis in Brassica oleracea var. italica","volume":"160","author":"Chatelet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1590\/S1982-56762014000200001","article-title":"de Algal Polysaccharides as Source of Plant Resistance Inducers","volume":"39","author":"Stadnik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz, A.M., Ponce, J.C., and Araya, J.V. (2011). Method to Stimulate Carbon Fixation in Plants with an Aqueous Solution of Oligo-Carrageenans Selected from Kappa1, Kappa2, Lambda or Iota. (Application No. 12\/911,790), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8740","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18088740","article-title":"Oligo-Carrageenans Enhance Growth and Contents of Cellulose, Essential Oils and Polyphenolic Compounds in Eucalyptus globulus Trees","volume":"18","author":"Contreras","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmpp.2012.03.005","article-title":"Oligo-Carrageenans Induce a Long-Term and Broad-Range Protection against Pathogens in Tobacco Plants (var. Xanthi)","volume":"79","author":"Vera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2001.00011.x","article-title":"The Algal Polysaccharide Carrageenans Can Act as an Elicitor of Plant Defence","volume":"149","author":"Mercier","year":"2001","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunha, L., and Grenha, A. (2016). Sulfated Seaweed Polysaccharides as Multifunctional Materials in Drug Delivery Applications. Mar. Drugs, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/md14030042"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmpp.2010.08.003","article-title":"Sulfated Macroalgal Polysaccharides \u03bb-Carrageenan and \u03b9-Carrageenan Differentially Alter Arabidopsis thaliana Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum","volume":"75","author":"Sangha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.3390\/md13052875","article-title":"\u03bb-Carrageenan Suppresses Tomato Chlorotic Dwarf Viroid (TCDVd) Replication and Symptom Expression in Tomatoes","volume":"13","author":"Sangha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pettongkhao, S., Bilanglod, A., Khompatara, K., and Churngchow, N. (2019). Sulphated Polysaccharide from Acanthophora spicifera Induced Hevea brasiliensis Defense Responses against Phytophthora palmivora Infection. Plants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8030073"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-11-17-0367-R","article-title":"Evaluation of L-Carrageenan, CpG-ODN, Glycine Betaine, Spirulina Platensis, and Ergosterol as Elicitors for Control of Zymoseptoria tritici in Wheat","volume":"109","author":"Siah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-011-9229-5","article-title":"Oligo-Carrageenans Stimulate Growth by Enhancing Photosynthesis, Basal Metabolism, and Cell Cycle in Tobacco Plants (var. Burley)","volume":"31","author":"Castro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sangha, J.S., Khan, W., Ji, X., Zhang, J., Mills, A.A.S., Critchley, A.T., and Prithiviraj, B. (2011). Carrageenans, Sulphated Polysaccharides of Red Seaweeds, Differentially Affect Arabidopsis thaliana Resistance to Trichoplusia ni (Cabbage Looper). PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026834"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2010.10.003","article-title":"ul Carrageenan as an Elicitor of Induced Secondary Metabolites and Its Effects on Various Growth Characters of Chickpea and Maize Plants","volume":"15","author":"Bi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-015-0061-9","article-title":"Oligo-Carrageenan Kappa Increases C, N and S Assimilation, Auxin and Gibberellin Contents, and Growth in Pinus radiata Trees","volume":"26","author":"Saucedo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1134\/S1062359008030126","article-title":"Influence of \u03ba\/\u03b2-Carrageenan from Red Alga Tichocarpus crinitus on Development of Local Infection Induced by Tobacco Mosaic Virus in Xanthi-Nc Tobacco Leaves","volume":"35","author":"Nagorskaya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1134\/S1062359010060142","article-title":"Inhibitory Effect of \u03ba\/\u03b2-Carrageenan from Red Alga Tichocarpus crinitus on the Development of a Potato Virus X Infection in Leaves of Datura stramonium L.","volume":"37","author":"Nagorskaya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmpp.2013.07.001","article-title":"Enhancement of Local Plant Immunity against Tobacco Mosaic Virus Infection after Treatment with Sulphated-Carrageenan from Red Alga (Hypnea musciformis)","volume":"84","author":"Ghannam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2018.02.025","article-title":"Sulfated Polysaccharide from Kappaphycus Alvarezii (Doty) Doty Ex P.C. Silva Primes Defense Responses against Anthracnose Disease of Capsicum annuum Linn","volume":"32","author":"Mani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9781","DOI":"10.1021\/jf302154y","article-title":"Nanomaterials in Plant Protection and Fertilization: Current State, Foreseen Applications, and Research Priorities","volume":"60","author":"Gogos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, L., and Cotas, J. (2019). Seaweeds as Plant Fertilizer, Agricultural Biostimulants and Animal Fodder, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429487156"}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/11\/6594\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:44:33Z","timestamp":1760125473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/11\/6594"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["app13116594"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app13116594","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]}}}