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Recently, the strategy of the railway engineer has been significantly shifted; along with the development of new assets, they tend to pay increasing attention to the operation and management of existing railway assets. In this regard, this paper proposes a Digital Twin (DT) model to improve fatigue assessment efficiency in the operational processes of railway steel bridges (RSBs). The DT concept mainly lies in the federation and interaction of a Fatigue Analysis System (FAS), which is based on Eurocodes principles, and a model in Building Information Modeling (BIM). Along with the proposed DT concept, a prototyping system for a real bridge is initiated and curated. The FAS is validated in good-agreement results with the ambient vibration test of the bridge (about 1.6% variation between numerical and experimental values), and close values were found between numerical and experimental stresses, the latter obtained by installing strain gauges on the bridge. The BIM model provides access to the numerical values of fatigue state results in a given bridge connection detail but also automatically represents that information in a 3D environment using a color-scale-based visualization process. Furthermore, a simulation model with the main input variables being the traffic and geometric conditions of the bridge is continuously updated for timely re-evaluation of the damage state, which shows promise for the lifecycle management of the bridge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app13116741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T02:16:48Z","timestamp":1685672208000},"page":"6741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Performing Fatigue State Characterization in Railway Steel Bridges Using Digital Twin Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9854-7677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Idilson","family":"Nhamage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-LESE, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering (FEUEM), Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. de Mo\u00e7ambique, Km 1.5, Maputo 257, Mozambique"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3341-3034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ngoc-Son","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISISE, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9868-3270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cla\u00fadio","family":"Horas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-LESE, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9878-3792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Po\u00e7as Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-GEQUALTEC, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"BUILT CoLAB, Rua do Campo Alegre 760, 4150-003 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1536-2149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISISE, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2375-7685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Cal\u00e7ada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-LESE, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2022.107498","article-title":"New multiphase methodology for fatigue damage screening of aging metallic railway bridges","volume":"169","author":"Horas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. 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