{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T16:53:41Z","timestamp":1770742421369,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article aims to explore the importance of multimethod research in assessing the performance of nickel-titanium (NiTi) endodontic instruments. The review highlights the limitations of relying solely on measurements obtained through a narrow set of mechanical tests and acknowledges the challenge of replicating real-world working conditions in controlled laboratory settings. While achieving a perfect simulation may be difficult, the focus should be on developing research strategies that provide a superior understanding of outcomes. The multimethod research, which combines qualitative and quantitative methodologies, offers a promising solution to address this challenge effectively. By integrating nonquantifiable data with quantitative measurements, researchers may overcome the limitations of individual methodologies and gain deeper and more comprehensive insights into instrument performance. This multimethod approach enables a more accurate interpretation of results, enhancing the validity of the methodology. Therefore, conducting a comprehensive analysis of various competencies displayed by NiTi systems is essential for a comprehensive understanding of their characteristics, including cyclic fatigue, torsional and bending resistance, cutting efficiency, microhardness, design analysis, element composition, phase transformation temperatures, shaping ability, and additional methodologies that can address specific inquiries. By combining qualitative and quantitative methodologies in a multimethod approach, researchers can enhance their ability to answer research questions and provide valuable insights for clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app13127048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T02:56:34Z","timestamp":1686624994000},"page":"7048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Unveiling the Performance of Nickel-Titanium Endodontic Instruments through Multimethod Research: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6932-2038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge N. R.","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Orais e Biom\u00e9dicas (UICOB), Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Estudo de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria Baseada na Evid\u00eancia (CEMDBE), Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Implantologia, 1070-064 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6445-8243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel J. N. L.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro 21210-623, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi 24220-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1966-8281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duarte","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Orais e Biom\u00e9dicas (UICOB), Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Estudo de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria Baseada na Evid\u00eancia (CEMDBE), Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Implantologia, 1070-064 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"LIBPhys-FCT UID\/FIS\/04559\/2013, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1670-8674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abayomi O.","family":"Baruwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5544-3744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Caram\u00eas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Implantologia, 1070-064 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"LIBPhys-FCT UID\/FIS\/04559\/2013, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francisco M.","family":"Braz Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT\/I3N, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5277-9827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco A.","family":"Versiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Specialty Center, Brazilian Military Police, Belo Horizonte 30350-190, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(97)80345-7","article-title":"Effect of tip design of nickel-titanium and stainless steel files on root canal preparation","volume":"23","author":"Kuhn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12557","article-title":"Mechanical properties of ProTaper Gold nickel titanium rotary instruments","volume":"49","author":"Elnaghy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"McSpadden, J.T. (2007). Mastering Endodontics Instrumentation, Cloudland Institute."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2007.07.007","article-title":"Fracture resistance of electropolished rotary nickel-titanium endodontic instruments","volume":"33","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13529","article-title":"Design, metallurgical features, mechanical performance and canal preparation of six reciprocating instruments","volume":"54","author":"Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-018-2362-9","article-title":"Cyclic fatigue using severely curved canals and torsional resistance of thermally treated reciprocating instruments","volume":"22","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200003000-00008","article-title":"Defects in rotary nickel titanium files after clinical use","volume":"26","author":"Sattapan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12063","article-title":"Research that matters\u2014Canal preparation, retreatment and working length studies","volume":"46","author":"Hulsmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13194","article-title":"Research that matters: Studies on fatigue of rotary and reciprocating NiTi root canal instruments","volume":"52","author":"Hulsmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2020.10.014","article-title":"Misuse of ISO standards in dental materials research","volume":"36","author":"Darvell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2022.05.007","article-title":"What meaningful information are the instruments mechanical testing giving us? A comprehensive review","volume":"48","author":"Martins","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(97)80250-6","article-title":"Cyclic fatigue testing of nickel-titanium endodontic instruments","volume":"23","author":"Pruett","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2008.12.010","article-title":"Cyclic fatigue analysis of a new generation of nickel titanium rotary instruments","volume":"35","author":"Larsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2007.01262.x","article-title":"Fatigue testing of a NiTi rotary instrument. Part 1: Strain- life relationship","volume":"40","author":"Cheung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(99)80274-X","article-title":"Dynamic and cyclic fatigue of engine-driven rotary nickel-titanium endodontic instruments","volume":"25","author":"Haikel","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200206000-00007","article-title":"Cyclic fatigue of endodontic nickel titanium rotary instruments: Static and dynamic tests","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2018.07.023","article-title":"Cyclic fatigue resistance of One Curve, 2Shape, ProFile Vortex, Vortex Blue, and RaCe nickel-titanium rotary instruments in single and double curvature canals","volume":"44","author":"Elnaghy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13073","article-title":"Influence of static and dynamic cyclic fatigue tests on the lifespan of four reciprocating systems at different temperatures","volume":"52","author":"Keles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.10.014","article-title":"Influence of temperature on cyclic fatigue resistance of ProTaper Gold and ProTaper Universal rotary files","volume":"43","author":"Plotino","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2010.01756.x","article-title":"Extended cyclic fatigue life of F2 ProTaper instruments used in reciprocating movement","volume":"43","author":"Moreira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2007.03.006","article-title":"Effect of clinical use on the cyclic fatigue resistance of ProTaper nickel titanium rotary instruments","volume":"33","author":"Ounsi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12712","article-title":"Effect of sodium hypochlorite and saline on cyclic fatigue resistance of WaveOne Gold and Reciproc reciprocating instruments","volume":"50","author":"Elnaghy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(98)80015-0","article-title":"Effect of sterilization on cyclic fatigue of rotary nickel-titanium endodontic instruments","volume":"24","author":"Mize","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2007.10.007","article-title":"Effect of electropolishing ProFile nickel- titanium rotary instruments on cyclic fatigue resistance, torsional resistance, and cutting efficiency","volume":"34","author":"Bui","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2015.06.012","article-title":"Cyclic fatigue of ProFile Vortex and Vortex Blue nickel-titanium files in single and double curvatures","volume":"41","author":"Duke","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.10.032","article-title":"Effect from rotational speed on torsional resistance of the nickel-titanium instruments","volume":"43","author":"Ha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2010.02.016","article-title":"Dynamic torsional resistance of nickel-titanium rotary instruments","volume":"36","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13164","article-title":"Influence of heat treatment on torsional resistance and surface roughness of nickel titanium instruments","volume":"52","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.11.007","article-title":"Influence of cyclic flexural deformation on the torsional resistance of controlled memory and conventional nickel-titanium instruments","volume":"43","author":"Acosta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.10.005","article-title":"The effects of torsional preloading on the torsional resistance of nickel-titanium instruments","volume":"43","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2009.01602.x","article-title":"Torsional behaviour of rotary NiTi ProTaper Universal instruments after multiple clinical use","volume":"42","author":"Vieira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Endod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2011.07.008","article-title":"Comparison of autoclaving effects on torsional deformation and fracture resistance of three innovative endodontic file systems","volume":"37","author":"Casper","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2013.12.035","article-title":"Effect of fatigue on torsional failure of nickel-titanium controlled memory instruments","volume":"40","author":"Campbell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2011.01891.x","article-title":"Heat treatment of nickel-titanium rotary endodontic instruments: Effects on bending properties and shaping abilities","volume":"44","author":"Ebihara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2013.10.004","article-title":"Mechanical behavior of M-Wire and conventional NiTi wire used to manufacture rotary endodontic instruments","volume":"29","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2010.05.006","article-title":"Relationship between flexibility and physical, chemical, and geometric characteristics of rotary nickel-titanium instruments","volume":"110","author":"Viana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2011.11.004","article-title":"Evaluation of the impact of raw materials on the fatigue and mechanical properties of ProFile Vortex rotary instruments","volume":"38","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2020.08.006","article-title":"Cyclic fatigue resistance of rotary and reciprocating nickel-titanium instruments subjected to static and dynamic tests","volume":"46","author":"Thu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4477.2012.00352.x","article-title":"Effect of reciprocation usage of nickel- titanium rotary files on the cyclic fatigue resistance","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2011.08.011","article-title":"Influence of different manufacturing methods on the cyclic fatigue of rotary nickel titanium endodontic instruments","volume":"37","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2012.11.048","article-title":"Fatigue life of Reciproc and Mtwo instruments subjected to static and dynamic tests","volume":"39","author":"Lopes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2013.10.013","article-title":"Bending resistance and dynamic and static cyclic fatigue life of Reciproc and WaveOne large instruments","volume":"40","author":"Lopes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2006.01143.x","article-title":"Cyclic fatigue resistance and three-dimensional analysis of instruments from two nickel-titanium rotary systems","volume":"39","author":"Grande","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.01.025","article-title":"Evidence for reduced fatigue resistance of contemporary rotary instruments exposed to body temperature","volume":"42","author":"Murphy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.12.026","article-title":"The effect of temperature on cyclic fatigue of nickel-titanium rotary endodontic instruments","volume":"43","author":"Dosanjh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burklein, S., Mabmann, P., Donnermeyer, D., Tegtmeyer, K., and Schafer, E. (2021). Need for standardization: Influence of artificial canal size on cyclic fatigue tests of endodontic instruments. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11114950"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2020.05.018","article-title":"Influence of the preparation order in four-canal maxillary molars with WaveOne Gold system","volume":"46","author":"Alberton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102402","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2945904","article-title":"Measurement of the thermal conductivity and heat capacity of freestanding shape memory thin films using the 3w method","volume":"130","author":"Jain","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Heat Transf."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(80)90313-8","article-title":"Effect of temperature on collagen-dissolving ability of sodium hypochlorite endodontic irrigant","volume":"49","author":"Cunningham","year":"1980","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2015.02.011","article-title":"In vivo intracanal temperature evolution during endodontic treatment after the injection of room temperature or preheated sodium hypochlorite","volume":"41","author":"Slaus","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Endodo."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-018-2543-6","article-title":"Variable impact by ambient temperature on fatigue resistance of heat-treated nickel titanium instruments","volume":"23","author":"Arias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2017.01.040","article-title":"Environmental temperature drastically affects flexural fatigue resistance of nickel titanium rotary files","volume":"43","author":"Grande","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2018.06.006","article-title":"Cyclic fatigue of Reciproc and Reciproc Blue nickel-titanium reciprocating files at different environmental temperatures","volume":"44","author":"Plotino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2017.12.002","article-title":"Evaluation of dynamic and static torsional resistances of nickel-titanium rotary instruments","volume":"13","author":"Ha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12810","article-title":"Micro-Ct assessment of the shaping ability of four root canal instrumentation systems in oval-shaped canals","volume":"51","author":"Zuolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, J.N.R., Pinto, R., Silva, E.J.N.L., Sim\u00f5es-Carvalho, M., Marques, D., Martins, R.F., and Versiani, M.A. (2023). 3D surface scanning\u2014A novel protocol to characterize virtual nickel-titanium endodontic instruments. Material, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16103636"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Creswell, J.W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches, 4th ed, Sage Publications."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hesse-Biber, S., and Johnson, R.B. (2015). The Oxford Handbook of Multimethod and Mixed Methods Research Inquiry, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199933624.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2021.01.027","article-title":"Dental materials science: Research, testing and standards","volume":"37","author":"Schmalz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2020.07.016","article-title":"Mechanical tests, metallurgical characterization, and shaping ability of nickel-titanium rotary instruments: A multimethod research","volume":"46","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Brewer, J., and Albert, H. (2006). Foundations of Multimethod Research: Synthesizing Styles, Sage Publications. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Dentsply Sirona (2023, May 18). ProTaper Gold Rotary Files. Directions for Use. Available online: https:\/\/www.dentsplysirona.com\/content\/dam\/dentsply\/pim\/manufacturer\/Endodontics\/Glide_Path__Shaping\/Rotary__Reciprocating_Files\/Shaping\/ProTaper_Gold_Rotary_Files\/ProTaper-Gold-Tip-Card-v7soneq-en-1502.pdf."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-1546.2005.00152.x","article-title":"Mechanical preparation of root canals: Shaping goals, techniques and means","volume":"10","author":"Peters","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endod. Topics."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2021.09.003","article-title":"Evaluation of design, metallurgy, microhardness, and mechanical properties of glide path instruments: A multimethod approach","volume":"47","author":"Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-04311-x","article-title":"Comparison of five rotary systems regarding design, metallurgy, mechanical performance, and canal preparation\u2014A multimethod research","volume":"26","author":"Martins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, J.N., Silva, E.J.N.L., Marques, D., Rito Pereira, M., Vieira, V.T.L., Arantes-Oliveira, S., Martins, R.F., Braz Fernandes, F., and Versiani, M. (2022). Design, Metallurgical features, and mechanical behaviour of NiTi endodontic instruments from five diferente heat-treated rotary systems. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15031009"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-04899-2","article-title":"Design, metallurgy, mechanical properties, and shaping ability of 3 heat-treated reciprocating systems: A multimethod investigation","volume":"27","author":"Silvas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Oral. Investing."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13463","article-title":"Comparison of design, metallurgy, mechanical performance and shaping ability of replica-like and counterfeit instruments of the ProTaper Next system","volume":"54","author":"Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparisosn of geometric design, metallurgical features and mechanical behavior of ProTaper Gold SX and two replica-like instruments","volume":"62","author":"Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Estomatol. Cir. Maxilofac."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2020.08.021","article-title":"Mechanical performance and metallurgical features of ProTaper Universal and 6 replicalike systems","volume":"46","author":"Martins","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13915","article-title":"Multimethod analysis of 3 rotary instruments produced by electric discharge machining technology","volume":"56","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13920","article-title":"Comparative analysis of reciprocating and flat side heat-treated rotary single-file systems: Design, metallurgical characteristics, and mechanical performance","volume":"56","author":"Martins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/12\/7048\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:53:18Z","timestamp":1760125998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/12\/7048"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["app13127048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app13127048","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]}}}