{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T19:37:16Z","timestamp":1774553836515,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"R&amp;D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE)","award":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"R&amp;D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE)","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems ARISE","award":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems ARISE","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education and Training","award":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education and Training","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transportation infrastructures, especially roadway bridges, play a pivotal role in socioeconomic development. Recently, bridge engineers are increasingly facing the challenge in terms of shifting their strategy from building new facilities to maintaining the existing aging infrastructures, to preserve their service performance during the operational stage. In fact, the infrastructure administrators lack a quality control (QC) strategy for the existing roadway bridges, which leads to the decision-making application and tool being still minor. To overcome those challenging issues, this paper proposes a quality control framework for roadway bridge management using key performance indicators (KPIs). The case study methodology is suggested to be used and then conducted for several bridges, mostly in European countries. In which the performance indicators (PIs) and goals (PGs) are defined, after assessing the bridges and vulnerable zones, the derivation KPIs from those PIs are introduced and developed considering time functions and different maintenance scenarios. Eventually, a two-stage quality control framework will be proposed in which the static stage includes preparatory works, inspection responsibilities, and a quick assessment of KPIs; while the dynamic stage helps the decision maker in estimating the time remaining of the bridge service life, managing the evolution of KPIs as well as planning the best possible maintenance strategy. The selected two case studies are present and curated, which show the excellent potential to develop a long-term strategy for roadway bridge management on a lifecycle level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app13137985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T01:02:50Z","timestamp":1688950970000},"page":"7985","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Developing a Comprehensive Quality Control Framework for Roadway Bridge Management: A Case Study Approach Using Key Performance Indicators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1536-2149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Matos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE, ARISE, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE, ARISE, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Minh","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE, ARISE, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5316-0647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quyen","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2C2T-Centro de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia T\u00eaxtil, Universidade do Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3270-9367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Baron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE, ARISE, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3341-3034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Son","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE, ARISE, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1080\/10168664.2018.1431378","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Information Delivery for Design and Construction of Prefabricated Bridge Piers","volume":"28","author":"Shim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Struct. Eng. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dang, N.S., Rho, G.T., and Shim, C.S. (2020). A Master Digital Model for Suspension Bridges. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10217666"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2023.02.249","article-title":"The Italian Risk-Based Approach for the Development of an Integrated Safety Management System for Road Infrastructures and Its Relations with Innovative Guidelines on the Risk Management of Existing Bridges","volume":"69","author":"Renzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2011.03.005","article-title":"Computational Platform for the Integrated Lifecycle Management of Highway Bridges","volume":"33","author":"Okasha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.115596","article-title":"Socio-Technical Networks of Infrastructure Management: Network Concepts and Motifs for Studying Digitalization, Decentralization, and Integrated Management","volume":"318","author":"Manny","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W11-727-2019","article-title":"Lifecycle Management, Monitoring and Assessment for Safe Large-Scale Infrastructures: Challenges and Needs","volume":"XLII-2\/W11","author":"Limongelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"289","article-title":"Bridge Management","volume":"72","author":"Cullington","year":"2016","journal-title":"Highways"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole, G., and Fish, R. (2022). Highway Bridge Management, ICE.","DOI":"10.1680\/hbm.65543"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2019.11.021","article-title":"A Framework to Guide Strategic Disinvestment in Roadway Infrastructure Considering Social Vulnerability","volume":"132","author":"Novak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sze, W.P., and Zhang, Y. (2021). Research and Application of Hot In-Place Recycling Technology for Asphalt Pavement, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-822422-9.00008-4"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"697","article-title":"Development of BIM-Based Bridge Maintenance System for Cable-Stayed Bridges Development of Standard for Material Models of Aluminum Foams and Their Application Technologies View Project Protective Engineering View Project","volume":"20","author":"Shim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Smart Struct. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1080\/15732479.2019.1620789","article-title":"Development of a Bridge Maintenance System for Prestressed Concrete Bridges Using 3D Digital Twin Model","volume":"15","author":"Shim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Struct. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0802-8_199","article-title":"Bridge Assessment for PSC Girder Bridge Using Digital Twins Model","volume":"54","author":"Dang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matos, J.C., Casas, J.R., and Fernandes, S. (2017, January 21\u201323). COST TU1406\u2014An Overview of European Standardization on Quality Control of Road Bridges. Proceedings of the IABSE Conference, Vancouver 2017: Engineering the Future, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Report 2017.","DOI":"10.2749\/vancouver.2017.0304"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"551","article-title":"From Quality Control to Decision-Making on the Management of Bridges and Structures: What\u2019s Next?","volume":"7","author":"Matos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lajevardi, S.M.S., Louren\u00e7o, P.B., Sousa, H.S., and Matos, J.C. (2023). Decision-Making Based on Multi-Dimensional Quality Control for Bridges. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13020898"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1080\/15732479.2021.1994618","article-title":"Application of Quality Control Plan to Existing Bridges","volume":"19","author":"Baron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Struct. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Walraven, J.C., and van der Horst, A.Q.C. (2013). Fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010, International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib)."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2005.10.018","article-title":"Key Performance Indicators and Assessment Methods for Infrastructure Sustainability\u2014A South African Construction Industry Perspective","volume":"42","author":"Ugwu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strauss, A., Orcesi, D.A., Lampropoulos, A., Briseghella, B., Frangopol, D.M., Sousa, D.H.S., Casas, J., Matos, J.C., Schellenberg, D.K., and Valenzuela, D.M. (2023). IABSE Survey of Implemented Decision-Making Models Used by Public and Private Owners\/Operators of Road- and Railway Infrastructures. Struct. Eng. Int., ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1080\/10168664.2022.2154731"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Oslakovic, I.S., H\u00f8j, N.P., and Klanker, G. (2017). Lifecycle of Engineering Systems: Emphasis on Sustainable Civil Infrastructure, Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Lifecycle Engineering, IALCCE 2016, Delft, The Netherlands, 16\u201319 October 2016, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2018.11.016","article-title":"Lifecycle Management of Deteriorating Civil Infrastructure Considering Resilience to Lifetime Hazards: A General Approach Based on Renewal-Reward Processes","volume":"183","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2020.11.056","article-title":"Predicting Bridge Elements Deterioration, Using Collaborative Gaussian Process Regression","volume":"53","author":"Dhada","year":"2020","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Hanley, C., Matos, J.C., Kelliher, D., and Pakrashi, V. (2016). Integrating Multivariate Techniques in Bridge Management Systems for Lifecycle Prediction, Civil Engineering Research Association of Ireland. Civil Engineering Research in Ireland."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/13\/7985\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:08:23Z","timestamp":1760126903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/13\/7985"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["app13137985"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app13137985","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]}}}