{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T15:13:19Z","timestamp":1772637199329,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Qualitative and quantitative assessments evaluate the structural vulnerability of liquid storage tanks. Liquid storage tanks are typically constructed and operated in areas with hard soils to minimize confining influences. However, many of these critical structures are in coastal areas with soft soils. The research conducted in this study entails the utilization of the finite element method accurately model the seismic behavior of a semi-buried concrete tank under various conditions, including changing water levels and soil properties. The study examines fluid\u2013structure and soil\u2013structure interactions through dynamic analyses of the rectangular semi-buried tank and comparing its different parameters. It also identifies sensitive areas where there is a probability of liquid leakage in storage tanks. The modeling is compared with the qualitative evaluation in the Japanese vibration capability diagnosis table. The results show that the tensile stress in the wall adjacent to the expansion joint is greater than the corresponding stress in the wall in all cases. In the dynamic analyses of the soil types, the pressure on the surface increases with increasing water height. A comparison of the quantitative and qualitative evaluation results shows the possible leakage of the tank in soft soil in the expansion joint.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app13158891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T11:17:17Z","timestamp":1690975037000},"page":"8891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Fluid\u2013Soil\u2013Structure Interactions in Semi-Buried Tanks: Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Seismic Behaviors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Benyamin","family":"Pooraskarparast","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISISE, ARISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8386-807X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Margarida","family":"Bento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydraulics, Water Resources and Environmental Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Marine Energy Research Group, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3270-9367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Baron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISISE, ARISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1536-2149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 C.","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISISE, ARISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3341-3034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Son N.","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISISE, ARISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISISE, ARISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.35741\/issn.0258-2724.56.5.9","article-title":"State of the art of tank structural evaluation review: A case study of an elevated concrete water tank concerning crack initiation","volume":"56","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Southwest Jiaotong Univ."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2023, April 05). Tehran Province Water & Wastewater Organization\u2019s Information Center. Available online: https:\/\/www.tpww.ir\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2023, April 05). US EPA, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ust\/underground-storage-tanks-usts-laws-and-regulations."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0470010015","article-title":"Dynamic pressures on accelerated fluid containers","volume":"47","author":"Housner","year":"1957","journal-title":"Bull. Seism. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.4290070608","article-title":"Dynamic fluid effects in liquid-filled flexible cylindrical tanks","volume":"7","author":"Fischer","year":"1979","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2023, April 05). JICA. Available online: https:\/\/openjicareport.jica.go.jp\/618\/618\/618_304_11841657.html."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering (2009). New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Seismic Design of Storage Tanks."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.4290110204","article-title":"Vibration studies and tests of liquid storage tanks","volume":"11","author":"Haroun","year":"1983","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.4290190402","article-title":"Soil-structure interaction effects for laterally excited liquid storage tanks","volume":"19","author":"Veletsos","year":"1990","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1061\/JMCEA3.0002821","article-title":"Boundary Element Analysis of Fluid Domain","volume":"108","author":"Hanna","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Eng. Mech. Div."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2749\/101686600780481509","article-title":"Simple procedure for seismic analysis of liquid-storage tanks. Structural Engineering International","volume":"10","author":"Malhotra","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Int. Assoc. Bridge Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2014.12.011","article-title":"An efficient computational procedure for the dynamic analysis of liquid storage tanks","volume":"85","author":"Ruiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s41062-021-00589-8","article-title":"An approach to finite element modeling of liquid storage tanks in ANSYS: A review","volume":"6","author":"Kangda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Innov. Infrastruct. Solut."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1177\/073168449901801503","article-title":"Finite Element Coupled Slosh Analysis of Rectangular Liquid Filled Laminated Composite Tanks","volume":"18","author":"Pal","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Reinf. Plast. Compos."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1080\/13632469.2018.1498815","article-title":"Finite Element Method of Analysis for Liquid Storage Tank Isolated with Friction Pendulum System","volume":"25","author":"Krishnamoorthy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, G., Luo, J., Li, L., Long, Y., Zhang, S., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., and Xie, S. (2022). Control of Welding Residual Stress in Large Storage Tank by Finite Element Method. Metals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/met12091502"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.17932\/EJEAS.2021.024\/ejeas_v02i2001","article-title":"Foundation Design Analysis with Finite Element Method in the Reinforcement of Liquid Storage Tanks","volume":"2","author":"Altan","year":"2021","journal-title":"EURAS J. Eng. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baghban, M.H., Tosee, S.V.R., Valerievich, K.A., Najafi, L., and Faridmehr, I. (2022). Seismic Analysis of Baffle-Reinforced Elevated Storage Tank Using Finite Element Method. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12050549"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compfluid.2009.12.010","article-title":"Fluid\u2013structure interaction in partially filled liquid containers: A comparative review of numerical approaches","volume":"39","author":"Rebouillat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Haroun, M.A. (1980). Dynamic Analyses of Liquid Storage Tanks, California Institute of Technology, Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory (Report) EERL."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2007.05.005","article-title":"Investigation of seismic behavior of fluid\u2013rectangular tank\u2013soil\/foundation systems in frequency domain","volume":"28","author":"Livaoglu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0740031031","article-title":"Stress analysis of rectangular walls under seismically induced hydrodynamic loads","volume":"74","author":"Haroun","year":"1984","journal-title":"Bull. Seism. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2023, April 05). SAS IP, Inc. Available online: https:\/\/pdfcoffee.com\/ansys-theory-reference-4-pdf-free.html."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J.-H., Koh, H.M., and Kim, J. (1992). Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis by a Coupled Boundary Element-Finite Element Method in Time Domain, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-2872-8_16"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9399(1996)122:9(807)","article-title":"Dynamic Response of Rectangular Flexible Fluid Containers","volume":"122","author":"Kim","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2005.09.022","article-title":"Effect of vertical acceleration on response of concrete rectangular liquid storage tanks","volume":"28","author":"Kianoush","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1139\/l05-023","article-title":"Seismic response of concrete rectangular tanks for liquid containing structures","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucengdes.2012.12.024","article-title":"Fluid structure interaction modeling of liquid sloshing phenomena in flexible tanks","volume":"258","author":"Nicolici","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucl. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamalabadi, M.Y.A. (2018). An Improvement of Port-Hamiltonian Model of Fluid Sloshing Coupled by Structure Motion. Water, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/w10121721"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Tang, Y., and Veletsos, A.S. (1992). Soil-Structure Interaction Effects for the Laterally Excited liquid-Tank System, Argonne National Lab.. CONF-920631-24."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfluidstructs.2005.12.004","article-title":"Simplified seismic analysis procedures for elevated tanks considering fluid-structure-soil interaction","volume":"22","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Fluids Struct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3389\/fbuil.2020.00140","article-title":"Impact of Dynamic Soil\u2013Structure Interaction on the Response of Liquid-Storage Tanks","volume":"6","author":"Tsipianitis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.A1800593","article-title":"Measurement of a soil-water characteristic curve and unsaturated permeability using the evaporation method and the chilled-mirror method","volume":"20","author":"Satyanaga","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. A"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1680\/jenge.17.00008","article-title":"Uncertainty in the estimation of hysteresis of soil\u2013water characteristic curve","volume":"6","author":"Zhai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3371","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-020-01013-8","article-title":"Estimation of tensile strength of sandy soil from soil\u2013water characteristic curve","volume":"15","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satyanaga, A., Wijaya, M., Zhai, Q., Moon, S.-W., Pu, J., and Kim, J.R. (2021). Stability and Consolidation of Sediment Tailings Incorporating Unsaturated Soil Mechanics. Fluids, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/fluids6120423"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.A1900589","article-title":"Effect of the uncertainty in soil-water characteristic curve on the estimated shear strength of unsaturated soil","volume":"21","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. A"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfluidstructs.2004.10.003","article-title":"Numerical predictions of tuned liquid tank structural systems","volume":"20","author":"Frandsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Fluids Struct."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tra, V., Duong, B.-P., Kim, J.-Y., Sohaib, M., and Kim, J.-M. (2019). Improving the Performance of Storage Tank Fault Diagnosis by Removing Unwanted Components and Utilizing Wavelet-Based Features. Entropy, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/e21020145"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"IBC (2000). IBC 2000, International Building Code, International Code Council."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2023, April 05). ACI 350.3. Available online: https:\/\/www.concrete.org\/Portals\/0\/Files\/PDF\/Previews\/350.3-20_preview.pdf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1193\/1.2428341","article-title":"Review of Seismic Codes on Liquid-Containing Tanks","volume":"23","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Hussein, A.A., Al-Neami, M.A., and Rahil, F.H. (2021). Modern Applications of Geotechnical Engineering and Construction, Springer."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.05.299","article-title":"Study of Hydrodynamic Pressure on Wall of Tank","volume":"190","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Khati, T., Kaloni, S., and Narayan, S. (2020). Computational fluid dynamics analysis of elevated circular water tank. J. Graph. Era Univ., 8."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Chandra, T., and Setia, S. (2022). Recent Advances in Earthquake Engineering, Springer."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2015). Design and Analysis of Ground Concrete Water Reservoirs (a Revision on Standard No. 123), Office of Deputy for Technical and Infrastructure Development Affairs Department of Technical Affairs (Standard No. Standard No. 123)."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1061\/JSFEAQ.0001885","article-title":"Finite Element Method Accuracy for Wave Propagation Problems","volume":"99","author":"Kuhlemeyer","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Soil Mech. Found. Div."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"509","article-title":"Finite Dynamic Model for Infinite Media","volume":"95","author":"Lysmer","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Eng. Mech. Div."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"802","article-title":"Effect of Mesh Size on Soil-Structure Interaction in Finite Element Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Derrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9845(199802)27:2<109::AID-EQE714>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Fluid-structure interaction analysis of 3-D rectangular tanks by a variationally coupled BEM-FEM and comparison with test results","volume":"27","author":"Koh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/15\/8891\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:24:21Z","timestamp":1760127861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/15\/8891"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["app13158891"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app13158891","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]}}}