{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T11:46:57Z","timestamp":1776426417994,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Provincial Policy Guidance Program of Jiangsu","award":["BZ2021011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BZ2021011"]}]},{"name":"Provincial Policy Guidance Program of Jiangsu","award":["BK20210257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20210257"]}]},{"name":"Provincial Policy Guidance Program of Jiangsu","award":["51978156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51978156"]}]},{"name":"Provincial Policy Guidance Program of Jiangsu","award":["52108272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52108272"]}]},{"name":"Provincial Policy Guidance Program of Jiangsu","award":["2022YFB2602700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB2602700"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BZ2021011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BZ2021011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20210257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20210257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51978156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51978156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52108272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52108272"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFB2602700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB2602700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BZ2021011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BZ2021011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20210257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20210257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51978156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51978156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52108272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52108272"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFB2602700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB2602700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BZ2021011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BZ2021011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20210257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20210257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51978156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51978156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52108272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52108272"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFB2602700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB2602700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bridge cables under traffic loads are more prone to failure during the service life due to the corrosion\u2013fatigue coupling effect. In this study, a novel lifespan model based on the equivalent initial flaw size (EIFS) theory is established to analyze the various stages of the lifespan of steel wires. Additionally, a comprehensive corrosion-fatigue lifespan calculation method for parallel steel wire cable is established based on the series\u2013parallel model. A case study of the Runyang Suspension Bridge is conducted to evaluate the evolution of corrosion-fatigue damage in bridge cables during the service life. The results indicate that under the action of corrosion-fatigue, steel wires are more prone to crack initiation, and their fracture toughness is further reduced. In cases where the corrosion level is relatively low, the steel wires of the bridge cables experience no corrosion-fatigue fracture. When the steel wires have initial defects and are subject to corrosion-fatigue conditions, their fracture lifespan is dependent on the severity of the corrosive medium. The reduction in the service life of the cables under the corrosion environment is much greater than that under heavy loads. This research may contribute to the understanding of corrosion-fatigue damage in bridge cables, involving assessment, maintenance, and replacement for bridge cables.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app131810212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T04:38:48Z","timestamp":1694493528000},"page":"10212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Corrosion Fatigue Assessment of Bridge Cables Based on Equivalent Initial Flaw Size Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3379-417X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongxiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaming","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}]},{"given":"Shilei","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4148-9426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT & Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Guo, T., and Chai, S. (2016). Probabilistic Fatigue Life Prediction of Bridge Cables Based on Multiscaling and Mesoscopic Fracture Mechanics. Appl. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/app6040099"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04019026","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001386","article-title":"Measurement and Comparative Study on Movements of Suspenders in Long-Span Suspension Bridges","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04017086","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001125","article-title":"Lifetime Deflections of Long-Span Bridges under Dynamic and Growing Traffic Loads","volume":"22","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0702(2001)6:6(645)","article-title":"Cracking and Fracture of Suspension Bridge Wire","volume":"6","author":"Mayrbaurl","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2023.110514","article-title":"A general data quality evaluation framework for dynamic response monitoring of long-span bridges","volume":"200","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2013.02.010","article-title":"Behavior of wires in parallel wire stayed cable under general corrosion effects","volume":"85","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Constr. Steel Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2023.104981","article-title":"Fatigue reliability analysis for suspenders of a long-span suspension bridge considering random traffic load and corrosion","volume":"56","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2022.106901","article-title":"Fatigue assessment of fillet weld in steel bridge towers considering corrosion effects","volume":"143","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2023.104909","article-title":"Damage diagnosis and fretting wear performance analysis of short suspenders in cable-supported bridges","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2022.03.093","article-title":"Fatigue reliability-based replacement strategy for bridge stay cables: A case study in China","volume":"39","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2022.107377","article-title":"Corrosion fatigue crack growth prediction of bridge suspender wires using Bayesian gaussian process","volume":"168","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2021.113608","article-title":"Fatigue lifespan assessment of stay cables by a refined joint probability density model of wind speed and direction","volume":"252","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125108","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variability of corrosion of high-strength steel wires within a bridge stay cable","volume":"308","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125534","article-title":"Corrosion features and time-dependent corrosion model of Galfan coating of high strength steel wires","volume":"313","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04020104","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001642","article-title":"Experimental Study on Corrosion-Fretting Fatigue Behavior of Bridge Cable Wires","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/cjce.5450380507","article-title":"The corrosion behavior of aluminum in natural waters","volume":"38","author":"Godard","year":"1960","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2007.01.021","article-title":"A study on the corrosion behavior of aluminum alloys in seawater","volume":"29","author":"Ezuber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"358","article-title":"Determination Method of Reliability Index of Main Cable Life of Suspension Bridge","volume":"40","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Disaster Prev. Mitig. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02642416","article-title":"Fatigue crack initiation and strain-controlled fatigue of some high strength low alloy steels","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"1982","journal-title":"Metall. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"314","article-title":"A Fatigue Life Assessment Method for Arch Bridge Suspension Rods Based on Monitoring Data and Its Application","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Disaster Prev. Mitig. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41529-017-0013-2","article-title":"The interaction of corrosion fatigue and stress-corrosion cracking in a precipitation-hardened martensitic stainless steel","volume":"1","author":"Donahue","year":"2017","journal-title":"npj Mater. Degrad."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-938X(98)00151-6","article-title":"Quantification of the hydrogen produced during corrosion fatigue crack propagation","volume":"41","author":"Olive","year":"1999","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6462(02)00142-2","article-title":"Location of the fracture process zone for hydrogen-induced corrosion fatigue crack propagation","volume":"47","author":"Shipilov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-7944(87)90035-X","article-title":"Fatigue threshold determination in high strength cold drawn eutectoid steel wires","volume":"26","author":"Llorca","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000235","article-title":"Experimental and Numerical Study of the Fatigue Properties of Corroded Parallel Wire Cables","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/ffe.13331","article-title":"Corrosion fatigue and electrochemical behaviour of steel wires used in bridge cables","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2008.06.005","article-title":"Probabilistic fatigue life prediction using an equivalent initial flaw size distribution","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-2695.2003.00637.x","article-title":"Equivalent initial flaw size testing and analysis of transport aircraft skin splices","volume":"26","author":"FAWAZ","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2010.06.008","article-title":"Inference of equivalent initial flaw size under multiple sources of uncertainty","volume":"33","author":"Sankararaman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2006.02.016","article-title":"Determination of fatigue related discontinuity state of 7000 series of aerospace aluminum alloys","volume":"14","author":"Merati","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.4050\/JAHS.36.52","article-title":"Damage tolerance method for helicopter dynamic components","volume":"36","author":"Krasnowski","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Helicopter Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2018.01.019","article-title":"Equivalent surface defect model for fatigue life prediction of steel reinforcing bars with pitting corrosion","volume":"110","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-1123(87)90049-1","article-title":"Relevance of the small crack problem to lifetime prediction in gas turbines","volume":"9","author":"Lankford","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2006.07.005","article-title":"Microstructure-based multistage fatigue modeling of a cast AE44 magnesium alloy","volume":"29","author":"Xue","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2008.03.027","article-title":"Three-dimensional finite element analysis using crystal plasticity for a parameter study of microstructurally small fatigue crack growth in a AA7075 aluminum alloy","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2009.07.011","article-title":"Crack growth-based fatigue life prediction using an equivalent initial flaw model","volume":"32","author":"Xiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Part I Uniaxial Load. Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-1123(98)00082-6","article-title":"Fatigue strength and surface quality of eutectoid steel wires","volume":"21","author":"Beretta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-1123(95)00075-5","article-title":"Effects of short cracks on fatigue life calculations","volume":"18","author":"Kaynak","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2016.03.035","article-title":"Equivalent crack size model for pre-corrosion fatigue life prediction of aluminum alloy 7075-T6","volume":"88","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2015.10.104","article-title":"Giga-fatigue life prediction of FV520B-I with surface roughness","volume":"89","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2013.01.025","article-title":"The fracture mechanisms of main cable wires from the forth road suspension","volume":"31","author":"Roffey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forman, R.G., and Shivakumar, V. (1986). Growth Behavior of Surface Cracks in the Circumferential Plane of Solid and Hollow Cylinders, American Society for Testing and Materials.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP17388S"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Xu, J. (2006). Mechanism of Damage Evolution and Assessment of Remaining Service Lifespan of Tie Ropes, School of Civil Engineering, Tongji University."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04014025","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000598","article-title":"Uniform and Pitting Corrosion Modeling for High-Strength Bridge Wires","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2021.105996","article-title":"Analytical fault tree and diagnostic aids for the preservation of historical steel truss bridges","volume":"133","author":"Sangiorgio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2021.106664","article-title":"Fatigue assessment of steel riveted railway bridges: Full-scale tests and analytical approach","volume":"182","author":"Bertolesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Constr. Steel Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-013-5235-0","article-title":"Fatigue monitoring and analysis of orthotropic steel deck considering traffic volume and ambient temperature","volume":"56","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. China Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"911","article-title":"Degradation Mechanism of Inclined Cable and Steel Wire Mechanical Model","volume":"36","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Tongji Univ. Nat. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2004). Technical Specifications for Maintenance of Urban Bridges (Standard No. CJJ 99-2003)."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2695.2009.01384.x","article-title":"Corrosion fatigue performance of pre-split steel wires for high strength bridge cables","volume":"32","author":"Jiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-1123(85)90051-9","article-title":"The fatigue threshold, surface condition and fatigue limit of steel wire","volume":"7","author":"Verpoest","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"253","article-title":"Corrosion rate spectra of ungalvanized high-tensile steel wires in temperature and humidity environments","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Southwest Jiaotong Univ."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"513","article-title":"Experimental study on the corrosion rate of cable wires of large-span bridges","volume":"49","author":"Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Southwest Jiaotong Univ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1080\/1478422X.2020.1769273","article-title":"Experimental study on corrosion behaviour of galvanized steel wires under stress","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Corros. Eng. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/18\/10212\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:49:00Z","timestamp":1760129340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/18\/10212"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["app131810212"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app131810212","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]}}}