{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:36:35Z","timestamp":1760150195695,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DTx CoLAB\u2014Collaborative Laboratory","award":["01\/C05-i02\/2022","UIDB\/00319\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01\/C05-i02\/2022","UIDB\/00319\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["01\/C05-i02\/2022","UIDB\/00319\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01\/C05-i02\/2022","UIDB\/00319\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In aircraft manufacturing settings, workers are frequently exposed to biomechanical risk factors, mainly in the later stages of the production processes, including inspection tasks. To support the development of a novel inspection device appropriate for the end-users and their tasks, this study presents a user-centered approach for the device\u2019s handle. Three different handles were proposed, and the current study aims to find out which handle can offer (1) the best ergonomic conditions and (2) the best stability in holding the device in hand during an inspection task. To this end, 23 volunteers participated in the experimental assessment, which comprised qualitative and quantitative data. A questionnaire was used for subjective comfort assessment. Partial times to execute the task studied, stability metrics of the device during its handling, and kinematic and electromyographic data of the upper limb recruited were measured and analyzed to compare the three handles. Outstanding results include the higher comfort perceived by the participants working with the selected handle for the final design, as well as the reduction in muscle effort. Globally, the results obtained demonstrated that the handle user-centered design potentiates good efficiency and usability of the novel device.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app132011584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T10:32:24Z","timestamp":1698057144000},"page":"11584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Designing a User-Centered Inspection Device\u2019s Handle for the Aircraft Manufacturing Industry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1138-1534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Colim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DTx Colab, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ALGORITMI Centre, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9bora","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DTx Colab, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DTx Colab, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALGORITMI Centre, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0334-4784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DTx Colab, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Duarte","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DTx Colab, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sacha","family":"Mould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DTx Colab, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9421-9123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Arezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALGORITMI Centre, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parent-Thirion, A., Biletta, I., Cabrita, J., Llave Vargas, O., Vermeylen, G., Wilczynska, A., and Wilkens, M. (2017). 6th European Working Conditions Survey: Overview Report, Publications Office of the European Union.","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2018-ICOHabstracts.36"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"EU-OSHA (2019). Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: Prevalence, Costs and Demographics in the EU, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pheasant, S. (2003). Bodyspace: Anthropometry, Ergonomics and the Design of Work, CRC Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482272420"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2004.11076591","article-title":"Design and Ergonomics. Methods for Integrating Ergonomics at Hand Tool Design Stage","volume":"10","author":"Marsot","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"HSE (2010). Assessment of Repetitive Tasks of the Upper Limbs (the ART Tool), HSE."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2016.1237678","article-title":"The Revised Strain Index: An Improved Upper Extremity Exposure Assessment Model","volume":"60","author":"Garg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2011.652195","article-title":"Characterisation of Forces Exerted by the Entire Hand during the Power Grip: Effect of the Handle Diameter","volume":"55","author":"Rossi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"CCOHS (2023, August 01). Hand Tool Ergonomics\u2014Tool Design. Available online: https:\/\/www.ccohs.ca\/oshanswers\/ergonomics\/handtools\/tooldesign.html."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130903389035","article-title":"Effects of Handle Orientation, Gloves, Handle Friction and Elbow Posture on Maximum Horizontal Pull and Push Forces. 2010, 53, 92\u2013101","volume":"53","author":"Seo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2019.102896","article-title":"The Influence of Hand Location and Handle Orientation on Female Manual Arm Strength","volume":"81","author":"Evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2018.05.002","article-title":"Interactions of Personal and Occupational Risk Factors on Hand Grip Strength of Winter Pruners","volume":"67","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.03.187","article-title":"Ergonomics Simulation in Aircraft Manufacturing\u2014Methods and Potentials","volume":"81","author":"Sender","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2022.103337","article-title":"International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics the Impact of Passive Shoulder Exoskeletons during Simulated Aircraft Manufacturing Sealing Tasks","volume":"91","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2019.102833","article-title":"The Effect of Hand Tools\u2019 Handle Shape on Upper Extremity Comfort and Postural Discomfort among Hand-Woven Shoemaking Workers","volume":"74","author":"Veisi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103219","article-title":"Impacts of Different Fabric Scissor Designs on Physical Demands and Performance in Simulated Fabric Cutting Tasks","volume":"89","author":"Adeleye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2006.05.004","article-title":"Association between Objective and Subjective Measurements of Comfort and Discomfort in Hand Tools","volume":"38","author":"Bosch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130500070814","article-title":"Identifying Predictors of Comfort and Discomfort in Using Hand Tools","volume":"48","author":"Twisk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2019.01.008","article-title":"Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Injuries in Airline Maintenance, Repair & Overhaul","volume":"70","author":"Asadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2018.01.020","article-title":"Operator Assignment Problem in Aircraft Assembly Lines: A New Planning Approach Taking into Account Economic and Ergonomic Constraints","volume":"76","author":"Arkhipov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Colim, A., Alexandre, R., Cardoso, A., Pereira, D., Lima, P., Silva, M., and Mould, S. (2022). Occupational and Environmental Safety and Health IV, Springer."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbas, A., Seo, J., and Kim, M. (2020, January 8\u201310). Exploring the Construction Task Performance and Cognitive Workload of Augmented Reality-Assisted Rebar Inspection Tasks. Proceedings of the Construction Research Congress 2020, Tempe, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784482865.048"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2005.06.002","article-title":"Compatibility Issues in Augmented Reality Systems for AEC: An Experimental Prototype Study","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nahavandi, S. (2019). Industry 5.0\u2014A Human-Centric Solution. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11164371"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Cotta, J., Breque, M., De-Nul, L., and Petridis, A. (2021). Industry 5.0\u2014Towards a Sustainable, Human-Centric and Resilient European Industry, European Comission."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Ahonen, M., Launis, M., and Kuorinka, T. (1989). Ergonomic Workplace Analysis, Institute of Occupational Health. Ergonomics Section."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(93)90080-S","article-title":"RULA: A Survey Method for the Investigation of Work-Related Upper Limb Disorders","volume":"24","author":"McAtamney","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"904","article-title":"NASA-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX); 20 Years Later","volume":"50","author":"Hart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103161","article-title":"Ergonomic Assessment of a New Hand Tool Design for Laparoscopic Surgery Based on Surgeons\u2019 Muscular Activity","volume":"88","author":"Salgado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2013.11.011","article-title":"Comparison of Subjective Comfort Ratings between Anatomically Shaped and Cylindrical Handles","volume":"45","author":"Harih","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2019.1587223","article-title":"Obesity Effects on Muscular Activity during Lifting and Lowering Tasks","volume":"27","author":"Colim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"104","article-title":"Response Interpolation and Scale Sensitivity: Evidence Against 5-Point Scales","volume":"5","author":"Finstad","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Usability Stud."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karwowski, W., Goonetilleke, R., Xiong, S., Goossens, R., and Murata, A. (2020). Advances in Physical, Social & Occupational Ergonomics. AHFE 2020. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51549-2"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colim, A., Cardoso, A., Arezes, P., Braga, A.C., Peixoto, A.C., Peixoto, V., Wolbert, F., Carneiro, P., Costa, N., and Sousa, N. (2021). Digitalization of Musculoskeletal Risk Assessment in a Robotic-Assisted Assembly Workstation. Safety, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/safety7040074"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Schepers, M., Giuberti, M., and Bellusci, G. (2018). Xsens MVN: Consistent Tracking of Human Motion Using Inertial Sensing, Xsens Technologies B.V.. Xsens Technologies Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Roetenberg, D., Luinge, H., and Slycke, P. (2009). Xsens MVN: Full 6DOF Human Motion Tracking Using Miniature Inertial Sensors, Xsens Technologies B.V."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"SENIAM.org (2022, April 25). Enschede: Surface Electromyography for the Non-Invasive Assessment of Muscles Project. Available online: www.seniam.org."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2022.01.121","article-title":"Shoulder Kinematics and Muscle Activity Following Latissimus Dorsi Transfer for Massive Irreparable Posterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears in a Pseudoparalytic Shoulder","volume":"31","author":"Gurnani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elb. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Konrad, P. (2005). The ABC of EMG, Noraxon Inc."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"8","article-title":"Get Started Now","volume":"23","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Occup. Int. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"21","article-title":"Power Comparisons of Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Lilliefors and Power Comparisons of Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Lilliefors and Anderson-Darling Tests","volume":"2","author":"Yap","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stat. Model. Anal."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"401","article-title":"A New Nonparametric Levene Test for Equal Variances A Ew Onparametric Levene Test for Equal Variances","volume":"31","author":"Nordstokke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psicol\u00f3gica J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10387","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10387","article-title":"Comparing Multiple Comparisons: Practical Guidance for Choosing the Best Multiple Comparisons Test","volume":"8","author":"Midway","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103210","article-title":"Ergonomic Evaluation and Performance of a New Handle for Laparoscopic Tools in Surgery","volume":"89","author":"Sancibrian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2021.105561","article-title":"A Methodological Framework to Integrate Motion Capture System and Virtual Reality for Assembly System 4.0 Workplace Design","volume":"146","author":"Simonetto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/20\/11584\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:10:19Z","timestamp":1760130619000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/20\/11584"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["app132011584"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app132011584","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3417"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]}}}