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These molecules are capable of binding to a wide range of biological targets with high specificity and affinity. They present great advantages over antibodies with potential applications in research, diagnosis, and therapeutics. Specifically for tumors with late-stage identification and poor prognosis, like pancreatic cancer, the study of novel aptamers holds tremendous potential for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Along with cancer treatment, aptamers have also shown high potential in regulating the immune response and modulating several critical steps of signaling cascades, such as in immune checkpoints. In the context of microbiota and infection, aptamers are being studied to identify microbes and their metabolites. This assessment has the potential to improve the detection and management of infectious diseases while assisting us in better understanding health risks and treatment outcomes by tracking changes in the microbiota. In this review, the potential of aptamers is explored regarding their applications in cancer, immune, and microbiota therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app132111933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T11:16:27Z","timestamp":1698750987000},"page":"11933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Moving towards Personalized Medicine\u2014The Broad Use of Aptamers for Targeted Theranostic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1460-5361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 P.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HE-FP\u2014Hospital Fernando Pessoa, CECLIN\u2014Center of Clinical Studies, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal"},{"name":"FP-I3ID\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento, FP-BHS\u2014Biomedical and Health Sciences Research Unit, FFP\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"I3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FMUP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4127-1694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HE-FP\u2014Hospital Fernando Pessoa, CECLIN\u2014Center of Clinical Studies, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal"},{"name":"FP-I3ID\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento, FP-BHS\u2014Biomedical and Health Sciences Research Unit, FFP\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"I3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FMUP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HE-FP\u2014Hospital Fernando Pessoa, CECLIN\u2014Center of Clinical Studies, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal"},{"name":"FP-I3ID\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento, FP-BHS\u2014Biomedical and Health Sciences Research Unit, FFP\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"I3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FMUP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1971-261X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana C. 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