{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:40:47Z","timestamp":1760150447984,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05210\/2020","UIDB\/4501\/2020","UIDP\/4501\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05210\/2020","UIDB\/4501\/2020","UIDP\/4501\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Unit Instituto de Biomedicina da Universidade de Aveiro (iBiMED)","award":["UIDB\/05210\/2020","UIDB\/4501\/2020","UIDP\/4501\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05210\/2020","UIDB\/4501\/2020","UIDP\/4501\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to analyse the coactivation of antagonist muscles of the thigh and ankle during the sit-to-stand task in post-stroke subjects, specifically during forward and antigravity sub-phases. A group of 18 healthy subjects and another with 18 subjects with a history of stroke participated voluntarily in this study. Bilateral surface electromyography (EMGs) of the soleus, gastrocnemius medialis, tibialis anterior, rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscles were collected synchronously with ground reaction forces (GRF) during the sit-to-stand task. The magnitude of electromyographic (EMG) activity was analysed during forward translation and antigravity sub-phases which were determined through GRF signals. The coactivation was calculated to quantify the degree of antagonist coactivation according to the role of the muscles during the task. Statistically significant values were found between antagonist coactivation on both sub-phases of the sit-to-stand task when comparing healthy and post-stroke subjects (healthy with ipsilesional (IPSI); healthy with contralesional (CONTRA); and healthy with IPSI and with CONTRA limbs) in all muscle pairs analysed (p &lt; 0.01), except on thigh muscles (p &gt; 0.05), in the antigravity sub-phase. When comparing IPSI with CONTRA sides in post-stroke subjects, no statistically significant differences were found. Increased values of antagonist coactivation were observed in post-stroke subjects compared to healthy subjects (both IPSI and CONTRA limb) in the two sub-phases analysed. The forward sub-phase CONTRA limb showed higher antagonist coactivation compared to IPSI, while in the antigravity sub-phase, IPSI antagonist coactivation was higher than in the CONTRA. In conclusion, post-stroke subjects presented an antagonist coactivation more dysfunctional at the ankle joint muscles compared to the thigh segment. So, it seems that the distal segment could express more accurately the central nervous system dysfunction in post-stroke subjects, despite the need for further studies to achieve a better spatiotemporal understanding of the variability on coactivation levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app132312565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T10:24:13Z","timestamp":1700562253000},"page":"12565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antagonist Coactivation of Muscles of Ankle and Thigh in Post-Stroke vs. Healthy Subjects during Sit-to-Stand Task"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6751-5269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Pinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Vale do Ave, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio, Rua Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f3nio Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"H<sup>2<\/sup>M\u2014Health and Human Movement Unit, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Sa\u00fade do Norte, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Desporto, Universidade do Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o, Centro de Estudos de Movimento e Atividade Humana, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9528-1463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia S. P.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o, Centro de Estudos de Movimento e Atividade Humana, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"\u00c1rea Cient\u00edfica de Fisioterapia, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o, Centro de Estudos de Movimento e Atividade Humana, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"\u00c1rea Cient\u00edfica de Fisioterapia, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o, Centro de Estudos de Movimento e Atividade Humana, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"\u00c1rea Cient\u00edfica de Fisioterapia, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7394-7604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rubim","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o, Centro de Estudos de Movimento e Atividade Humana, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7603-6526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Manuel R. S.","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Gest\u00e3o Industrial, Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Soraia","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o, Centro de Estudos de Movimento e Atividade Humana, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"\u00c1rea Cient\u00edfica de Fisioterapia, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina (iBiMED), Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade (ESSUA), Universidade de Aveiro, Agras do Castro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"F\u00e9lix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Vale do Ave, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio, Rua Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f3nio Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o, Centro de Estudos de Movimento e Atividade Humana, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Vale do Ave, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio, Rua Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f3nio Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"H<sup>2<\/sup>M\u2014Health and Human Movement Unit, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Sa\u00fade do Norte, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4084-1942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Desporto, Universidade do Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Augusta","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o, Centro de Estudos de Movimento e Atividade Humana, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"\u00c1rea Cient\u00edfica de Fisioterapia, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-1875-4","article-title":"Motor strategies for initiating downward-oriented movements during standing in adults","volume":"158","author":"Hase","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. 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