{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T21:51:43Z","timestamp":1776635503103,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]],"date-time":"2023-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SM 281\/9-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SM 281\/9-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SM 281\/22-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SM 281\/22-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH)","award":["SM 281\/9-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SM 281\/9-3"]}]},{"name":"Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH)","award":["SM 281\/22-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SM 281\/22-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the context of Industry 4.0, construction processes are shifting towards automation by implementing additive manufacturing (AM) of concrete structures, also referred to as concrete printing. Adapting concrete as a printing material entails complex material\u2013process interactions between concrete and manufacturing processes that require specialized data modeling. However, data modeling for the AM of concrete structures has not kept up with concrete printing research and development. Aiming to enhance data modeling for the AM of concrete structures, this paper proposes a semantic modeling approach, referred to as \u201cprinting information modeling\u201d (PIM). The PIM approach defines input parameters and material\u2013process interaction in a generic printing information model for designing and planning concrete printing projects. Exchange requirements for concrete printing are identified and evaluated, serving as the basis for the printing information model. The printing information model, as a semantic (or meta) model, is conceptualized using object-oriented modeling concepts, formalized as an ontology, verified as an instantiable semantic model, and validated with a software tool developed as a plug-in for BIM platforms. As a result, a printing information model is developed to serve as a generally valid semantic model for the AM of concrete structures and has the potential to improve data modeling concepts currently deployed for concrete printing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app132312664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T03:32:03Z","timestamp":1701055923000},"page":"12664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Printing Information Modeling (PIM) for Additive Manufacturing of Concrete Structures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1923-7142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Peralta Abadia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Digital and Autonomous Construction, Hamburg University of Technology, 21079 Hamburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Muhammad E.","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Digital and Autonomous Construction, Hamburg University of Technology, 21079 Hamburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7228-3503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kay","family":"Smarsly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Digital and Autonomous Construction, Hamburg University of Technology, 21079 Hamburg, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021). Additive Manufacturing\u2014General Principles\u2014Fundamentals and Vocabulary (Standard No. ISO\/ASTM 52900:2021)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2016.08.026","article-title":"Additive construction: State-of-the-art, challenges and opportunities","volume":"72","author":"Labonnote","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106068","article-title":"A process classification framework for defining and describing digital fabrication with concrete","volume":"134","author":"Buswell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"100894","article-title":"Additive manufacturing in construction: A review on processes, applications, and digital planning methods","volume":"30","author":"Paolini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-11-2015-0165","article-title":"Construction by Contour Crafting using sulfur concrete with planetary applications","volume":"22","author":"Khoshnevis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Dini, E. (2019, October 15). D-Shape. Available online: https:\/\/d-shape.com\/."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lachmayer, L., Recker, T., and Raatz, A. (2022, January 6). Contour tracking control for mobile robots applicable to large-scale assembly and additive manufacturing in construction. Proceedings of the 9th CIRP Conference on Assembly Technology and Systems, Leuven, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2022.02.163"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Dielemans, G., and D\u00f6rfler, K. (2021, January 27). Mobile Additive Manufacturing: A robotic system for cooperative on-site construction. Proceedings of the IROS 2021 Workshop Robotic Fabrication: Sensing in Additive Construction, Prague, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.107660","article-title":"3D concrete printer parameter optimization for high rate digital construction avoiding plastic collapse","volume":"183","author":"Kruger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.102870","article-title":"3D-printing with foam concrete: From material design and testing to application and sustainability","volume":"43","author":"Markin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.106836","article-title":"Assessing the fresh properties of printable cement-based materials: High potential tests for quality control","volume":"158","author":"Roussel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martens, P., Mathot, M., Bos, F., and Coenders, J. (2017, January 12). Optimising 3D printed concrete structures using topology optimisation. Proceedings of the 2017 Fib Symposium\u2014High Tech Concrete: Where Technology and Engineering Meet, Maastricht, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59471-2_37"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104164","article-title":"From analytical methods to numerical simulations: A process engineering toolbox for 3D concrete printing","volume":"122","author":"Perrot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.05.020","article-title":"Rethinking reinforcement for digital fabrication with concrete","volume":"112","author":"Asprone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.05.006","article-title":"3D printing using concrete extrusion: A roadmap for research","volume":"112","author":"Buswell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106037","article-title":"Extrusion-based additive manufacturing with cement-based materials\u2013Production steps, processes, and their underlying physics: A review","volume":"132","author":"Mechtcherine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2021). Additive Manufacturing\u2014General Principles\u2014Overview of Data Processing (Standard No. ISO\/ASTM 52950:2021)."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1080\/0951192X.2018.1509130","article-title":"STEP-NC digital thread for additive manufacturing: Data model, implementation and validation","volume":"31","author":"Bonnard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Rosen, D.W., Witherell, P., and Ko, H. (2018, January 26). A design for additive manufacturing ontology to support manufacturability analysis. Proceedings of the ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Quebec City, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2018-85848"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2019.03.006","article-title":"Ontology-based knowledge representation for additive manufacturing","volume":"109","author":"Sanfilippo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Choi, S., and Witherell, P. (2015, January 2). Towards an integrated data schema design for additive manufacturing: Conceptual modeling. Proceedings of the ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2015-47802"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1520\/SSMS20160003","article-title":"Toward a digital thread and data package for metals additive manufacturing","volume":"1","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Smart Sustain. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s41693-022-00075-2","article-title":"Fabrication information modeling: Interfacing building information modeling with digital fabrication","volume":"6","author":"Slepicka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Robot."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Zahedi, A., and Petzold, F. (2022). Pragmatic design decision support for additive construction using formal knowledge and its prospects for synergy with a feedback mechanism. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12122072"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Placzek, G., Brohmann, L., Mawas, K., Schwerdtner, P., Hack, N., Maboudi, M., and Gerke, M. (2021, January 2). A lean-based production approach for shotcrete 3D printed concrete components. Proceedings of the 38th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.","DOI":"10.22260\/ISARC2021\/0110"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Salet, T.A., Bos, F.P., Wolfs, R.J., and Ahmed, Z.Y. (2017, January 12). 3D concrete printing\u2014A structural engineering perspective. Proceedings of the 2017 fib Symposium\u2014High Tech Concrete: Where Technology and Engineering Meet, Maastricht, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smarsly, K., Peralta, P., Luckey, D., Heine, S., and Ludwig, H.-M. (2020, January 18). BIM-based concrete printing. Proceedings of the International ICCCBE and CIB W78 Joint Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering 2020, Sao Paolo, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51295-8_69"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Peralta, P., and Smarsly, K. (2022, January 13). Requirements analysis of additive manufacturing for concrete printing\u2014A systematic review. Proceedings of the 39th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, Bogota, Colombia."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"buildingSmart (2021, August 09). Information Delivery Manual: Guide to Components and Development Methods. Available online: https:\/\/technical.buildingsmart.org\/standards\/information-delivery-manual\/."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2019). Additive Manufacturing-Requirements for Quality-Assured Processes at Additive Manufacturing Centers (Standard No. DIN SPEC 17071:2019-12)."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Object Management Group (2021, August 09). Business Process Model and Notation\u2013Version 2.0. Available online: www.bpmn.org."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"mrss15-2138549","DOI":"10.1557\/opl.2015.647","article-title":"Towards Fabrication Information Modeling (FIM): Four case models to derive designs informed by multi-scale trans-disciplinary data","volume":"1800","author":"Oxman","year":"2015","journal-title":"MRS Online Proc. Libr. (OPL)"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Peralta, P., Heine, S., Ludwig, H.-M., and Smarsly, K. (2020, January 1). A BIM-based approach towards additive manufacturing of concrete structures. Proceedings of the 27th International Workshop on Intelligent Computing in Engineering, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Peralta, P., and Smarsly, K. (2021, January 30). An algorithmic BIM approach to advance concrete printing. Proceedings of the 28th International Workshop on Intelligent Computing in Engineering, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2020.101158","article-title":"Metaization concepts for monitoring-related information","volume":"46","author":"Theiler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Object Management Group (2021, October 15). Unified Modeling Language Version 2.5.1. Available online: https:\/\/www.omg.org\/spec\/UML\/."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"The World Wide Web Consortium (2023, January 15). SPARQL 1.1 Overview. Available online: http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/sparql11-overview\/."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2019.100223","article-title":"Combining UML and ontology: An exploratory survey","volume":"35","author":"Nicolle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2021). Information Technology\u2013Top-Level Ontologies (TLO)\u2013Part 2: Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) (Standard No. ISO\/IEC 21838-2:2021)."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"BuildingSmart (2023, January 15). IfcOWL Ontology. Available online: https:\/\/standards.buildingsmart.org\/IFC\/DEV\/IFC4\/ADD2_TC1\/OWL\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3233\/AO-210254","article-title":"BFO-based ontology enhancement to promote interoperability in BIM","volume":"16","author":"Tchouanguem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Ontol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2007.03.004","article-title":"Pellet: A practical OWL-DL reasoner","volume":"5","author":"Sirin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Web Semant."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezerra, C., Freitas, F., and Santana, F. (2013, January 17). Evaluating ontologies with competency questions. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE\/WIC\/ACM International Joint Conferences on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technologies, Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WI-IAT.2013.199"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.02.001","article-title":"Early age mechanical behavior of 3D printed concrete: Numerical modelling and experimental testing","volume":"106","author":"Wolfs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/23\/12664\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:30:10Z","timestamp":1760131810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/23\/12664"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["app132312664"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app132312664","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]]}}}