{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T04:40:53Z","timestamp":1771994453003,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/04748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04748\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study analyzed muscle activity during the stand-up paddle stroke, considering the paddling side and the adjacent and opposing muscles relative to the position of the arms during paddling. Methods: Fourteen male paddleboarders performed three trials covering 195 m in which surface electromyography of the upper trapezius, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius medialis were recorded (four-cycle strokes on each side). The data were processed according to percentage of maximum voluntary contraction (% MVC). The MVC activation values (\u00b5V) for each muscle were then calculated and presented as percentage MVC (% MVC). Results: The recovery phase accounted for 60% of the paddle cycle, while the pull phase represented 39%. During right-side paddling, higher % MVC was found in the opposite-side upper trapezius (24.35%, p &lt; 0.01) during the pulling phase and in the adjacent biceps brachii (8.36%, p &lt; 0.03) during the recovery phase. In left-side paddling, greater % MVC was found in the opposite-side upper trapezius (27.60%, p &lt; 0.01) during the pulling phase and in the opposite-side triceps brachii (42.25%, p &lt; 0.04) during the recovery phase. Furthermore, the pulling phase exhibited higher MVC in the opposite-side upper trapezius compared to the recovery phase, both in the right-side (24.35%, p &lt; 0.03) and left-side (27.60%, p &lt; 0.01) paddling. Conclusions: these findings help establish the muscular activity of both sides of the paddling technique and the differences between the upper and lower limbs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app132413265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T03:16:33Z","timestamp":1702610193000},"page":"13265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neuromuscular Assessment of a Stand-Up Paddle Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Freitas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santar\u00e9m, 2040-413 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8109-4875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santar\u00e9m, 2040-413 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8058-4568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"\u0160\u0165astn\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Sports Activities, Brno University of Technology, 601-90 Brno, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5635-2476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Louro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santar\u00e9m, 2040-413 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1981-6638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Leit\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sciences and Technology Department, Superior School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Setubal, 2910-761 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"},{"name":"Life Quality Research Centre, 2400-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2351-3047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Marinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9283-312X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique P.","family":"Neiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"144","article-title":"A survey of injuries and medical conditions affecting stand-up paddle surfboarding participants","volume":"20","author":"Walker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. 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