{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:35:54Z","timestamp":1760142954546,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]],"date-time":"2024-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Propio de I+D+i 2021 de la Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","award":["PID2020-112954RA-I00","UID\/EMS\/50022\/2020","UIDB\/00667\/2020","UIDP\/00667\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-112954RA-I00","UID\/EMS\/50022\/2020","UIDB\/00667\/2020","UIDP\/00667\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2020-112954RA-I00","UID\/EMS\/50022\/2020","UIDB\/00667\/2020","UIDP\/00667\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-112954RA-I00","UID\/EMS\/50022\/2020","UIDB\/00667\/2020","UIDP\/00667\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado de Energia, Transportes e Aeron\u00e1utica (LAETA)","award":["PID2020-112954RA-I00","UID\/EMS\/50022\/2020","UIDB\/00667\/2020","UIDP\/00667\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-112954RA-I00","UID\/EMS\/50022\/2020","UIDB\/00667\/2020","UIDP\/00667\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Unit for Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (UNIDEMI)","award":["PID2020-112954RA-I00","UID\/EMS\/50022\/2020","UIDB\/00667\/2020","UIDP\/00667\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-112954RA-I00","UID\/EMS\/50022\/2020","UIDB\/00667\/2020","UIDP\/00667\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present work, single- and double-dowel joints following different geometric configurations are experimentally and numerically investigated to derive the splitting behaviour of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.), one of the most widespread hardwood species in Europe for structural purposes. The influence of the spacing between dowels, their distance to the supports, and the slenderness of the beams is analysed. The correlation of the experimental failure loads with those predicted numerically by cohesive zone finite element-based models using the fracture properties of the species is discussed. The experimental results are also compared with those obtained from the normative expression included in Eurocode 5 and two other design models reported in the literature. The splitting failure loads predicted by both the analytical and numerical models were found to be conservative, the latter being closer to the experimental values.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app14020900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T12:01:13Z","timestamp":1705924873000},"page":"900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Experimental and Numerical Research on the Splitting Capacity of European Beech Beams Loaded Perpendicular to the Grain by Connections: Influence of Different Geometrical Parameters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4121-1301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"G\u00f3mez-Royuela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Building Structures and Physics, ETS of Architecture, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), Avda. Juan de Herrera 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5753-3842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Almudena","family":"Majano-Majano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Building Structures and Physics, ETS of Architecture, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), Avda. Juan de Herrera 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7908-9631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Jos\u00e9","family":"Lara-Bocanegra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Building Structures and Physics, ETS of Architecture, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), Avda. Juan de Herrera 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7836-4598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIDEMI, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado de Sistemas Inteligentes, LASI, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2151-3759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo F. S. F.","family":"de Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2005.04.008","article-title":"Variability in Energy and Carbon Dioxide Balances of Wood and Concrete Building Materials","volume":"41","author":"Gustavsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"UNEP (2009). 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