{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:59:56Z","timestamp":1774400396297,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT","award":["UID\/BIM\/04293\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/BIM\/04293\/2013"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["FEDER\/02\/SAICT\/2020\/072560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEDER\/02\/SAICT\/2020\/072560"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2021.09498.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.09498.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2021.06521.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.06521.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2022.12441.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.12441.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer diagnosed today and the third leading cause of death among cancer types. CRC is one of the gastrointestinal tumors with obesity as the main extrinsic risk factor, since, according to authors, the meta-inflammation sustained by the excess adipose tissue can provide abundant circulating lipids, as well as hormones and metabolites crucial to tumor development and aggressiveness. The gut microbiota can protect the colon from meta-inflammation and endocrine changes caused by obesity. The present study aimed to investigate the antitumor activity of a commercial probiotic in intestinal tumor cells under two adiposity conditions. Experimental assays were performed on the Caco2 cell line (colon adenocarcinoma) supplemented with differentiated adipocyte\u2019s secretomes of the 3T3-L1 cell line (mouse pre-adipocytes) in two adiposity conditions: (i) differentiation without the use of Pioglitazone (noPGZ) and (ii) differentiation using Pioglitazone (PGZ). The Caco2 cells were first exposed to both secretomes for 24 h and evaluated and subsequently exposed to probiotic extract followed by secretome and evaluated. The effects of these treatments were evaluated using cytotoxicity assays by MTT, cell migration by injury, and antioxidant activity by glutathione assay. The use of secretomes showed a statistically significant increase in cell viability in Caco2 cells, either in noPGZ (p &lt; 0.01) or PGZ (p &lt; 0.05), and the probiotic was not able to reduce this effect. In the injury assay, secretome increased cell migration by more than 199% in both adiposity conditions (p &lt; 0.001 in noPGZ and p &lt; 0.01 in PGZ). In the probiotic treatment, there was a reduction in cell migration compared to the control in adiposity conditions. The antioxidant response of Caco2 cells was increased in both adiposity conditions previously exposed to the probiotic supernatant. This pilot work brings to light some findings that may answer why the modulation of the intestinal microbiota using probiotics is an alternative strategy leading to improvements in the condition and stage of the colon tumor. Additional studies are needed to clarify the role of Pioglitazone in this type of tumor and the metabolites of obesity that are attenuated by the use of probiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app14020951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T08:28:28Z","timestamp":1705998508000},"page":"951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exploring the Potential Protective Effect of Probiotics in Obesity-Induced Colorectal Cancer: What Insights Can In Vitro Models Provide?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6075-0781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rejane","family":"Viana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ESS\u2014School of Health, IPP\u2014Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CECLIN\u2014Center of Clinical Studies, HE-FP\u2014Hospital Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4127-1694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CECLIN\u2014Center of Clinical Studies, HE-FP\u2014Hospital Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal"},{"name":"FCS\u2014Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, 4200-253 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FMUP\u2014Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"I3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1460-5361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 P.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CECLIN\u2014Center of Clinical Studies, HE-FP\u2014Hospital Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal"},{"name":"FCS\u2014Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, 4200-253 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FMUP\u2014Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"I3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2765-0586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CECLIN\u2014Center of Clinical Studies, HE-FP\u2014Hospital Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"TBIO\u2014Center for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8933-3984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00faben","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CECLIN\u2014Center of Clinical Studies, HE-FP\u2014Hospital Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal"},{"name":"FCS\u2014Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, 4200-253 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"I3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FP-BHS\u2014Biomedical and Health Sciences Research Unit, FP-I3ID\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento, FFP\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CECLIN\u2014Center of Clinical Studies, HE-FP\u2014Hospital Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal"},{"name":"FMUP\u2014Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Pais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CECLIN\u2014Center of Clinical Studies, HE-FP\u2014Hospital Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal"},{"name":"FP-BHS\u2014Biomedical and Health Sciences Research Unit, FP-I3ID\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento, FFP\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3740-862X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Baylina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESS\u2014School of Health, IPP\u2014Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CECLIN\u2014Center of Clinical Studies, HE-FP\u2014Hospital Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal"},{"name":"I3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1727-8255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CECLIN\u2014Center of Clinical Studies, HE-FP\u2014Hospital Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 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