{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T01:23:54Z","timestamp":1767835434494,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brazil (CAPES)\u2014Finance Code 001, CAPES PrInt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.571867\/2020-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.571867\/2020-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brazil (CAPES)\u2014Finance Code 001, CAPES PrInt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/05612-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/05612-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["88887.571867\/2020-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.571867\/2020-00"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["2020\/05612-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/05612-8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study focuses on the surface modification of Ti6Al4V scaffolds produced through additive manufacturing using the Powder-Bed Fusion Electron-Beam Melting (PBF-EB) technique. From our perspective, this technique has the potential to enhance implant osseointegration, involving the growth of a layer of titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO2) on surfaces through anodic oxidation. Scaffolds with anodized surfaces were characterized, and the formation of a nanoporous and crystalline TiO2 layer was confirmed. The analysis of cell morphology revealed that cells adhered to the anodized surfaces through their filopodia, which led to proliferation during the initial hours. However, it was observed that the adhesion of Saos-2 cells was lower on anodized scaffolds compared to both built and chemically polished scaffolds throughout the cell culture period. The results obtained here suggest that while anodic oxidation is effective in achieving a nanoporous surface, cell adhesion and interaction were affected by the weak adhesion of cell filopodia to the surface. Thus, combining surface treatment techniques to create micro- and nanopores may be an effective alternative for achieving a favorable cellular response when the objective is to enhance the performance of porous titanium scaffolds in the short term.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app14041656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T04:39:36Z","timestamp":1708317576000},"page":"1656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Anodic Oxidation of 3D Printed Ti6Al4V Scaffold Surfaces: In Vitro Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Talita Kathleen Correia","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Technology, School of Engineering and Science, UNESP\u2014Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo 01049-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-515X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima Raquel","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4361-1253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Pina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4295-6129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui L.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joaquim Miguel","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro Aquiles","family":"Carobolante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Technology, School of Engineering and Science, UNESP\u2014Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo 01049-010, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ana L\u00facia do Amaral","family":"Escada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Technology, School of Engineering and Science, UNESP\u2014Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo 01049-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7598-7098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Arthur","family":"Longhitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renato Archer Information Technology Center (CTI), Campinas 13083-852, Brazil"},{"name":"3D Printing Open Lab, Center for Information Technology Renato Archer, Campinas 13069-901, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula Rosifini","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Technology, School of Engineering and Science, UNESP\u2014Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo 01049-010, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2023.04.016","article-title":"Artificial-intelligence-led revolution of construction materials: From molecules to Industry 4.0","volume":"6","author":"Xing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-014-0334-4","article-title":"Industry 4.0","volume":"6","author":"Lasi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bus. 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