{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T15:08:23Z","timestamp":1774624103533,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o \u201cLa Caixa\u201d (Programa Promove)","award":["PV20-00072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PV20-00072"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o \u201cLa Caixa\u201d (Programa Promove)","award":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o \u201cLa Caixa\u201d (Programa Promove)","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o \u201cLa Caixa\u201d (Programa Promove)","award":["UIBD\/150874\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIBD\/150874\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o \u201cLa Caixa\u201d (Programa Promove)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/151345\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/151345\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) under the R&amp;D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE)","award":["PV20-00072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PV20-00072"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) under the R&amp;D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE)","award":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) under the R&amp;D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE)","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) under the R&amp;D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE)","award":["UIBD\/150874\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIBD\/150874\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) under the R&amp;D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/151345\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/151345\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems ARISE","award":["PV20-00072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PV20-00072"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems ARISE","award":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems ARISE","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems ARISE","award":["UIBD\/150874\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIBD\/150874\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems ARISE","award":["SFRH\/BD\/151345\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/151345\/2021"]}]},{"name":"national funds through FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["PV20-00072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PV20-00072"]}]},{"name":"national funds through FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIBD\/150874\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIBD\/150874\/2021"]}]},{"name":"national funds through FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["SFRH\/BD\/151345\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/151345\/2021"]}]},{"name":"uropean Social Fund (ESF) and Por Norte Program","award":["PV20-00072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PV20-00072"]}]},{"name":"uropean Social Fund (ESF) and Por Norte Program","award":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"uropean Social Fund (ESF) and Por Norte Program","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"uropean Social Fund (ESF) and Por Norte Program","award":["UIBD\/150874\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIBD\/150874\/2021"]}]},{"name":"uropean Social Fund (ESF) and Por Norte Program","award":["SFRH\/BD\/151345\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/151345\/2021"]}]},{"name":"MIT Portugal Program","award":["PV20-00072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PV20-00072"]}]},{"name":"MIT Portugal Program","award":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MIT Portugal Program","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MIT Portugal Program","award":["UIBD\/150874\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIBD\/150874\/2021"]}]},{"name":"MIT Portugal Program","award":["SFRH\/BD\/151345\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/151345\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the context of sustainable building development, Compressed Earth Blocks (CEBs) have garnered increasing attention in recent years owing to their minimal environmental and economic impact. However, owing to the inherent diversity of raw soil and the production process\u2019s reliance on expertise, the properties of these blocks are subjected to multifaceted influences. Among these, the significance of soil particle size variation often remains overlooked, leaving its impact ambiguous. This study endeavours to address this gap in existing research by delving into this aspect. Two distinct batches of CEBs were produced by adjusting the grain size curve of a single type of sieved soil with different maximum mesh openings: 2 mm for R1 CEBs and 12.5 mm for R2 CEBs. Experimental results reveal significant differences in thermophysical characteristics: on average, R1 blocks show superior thermal performance, boasting a 23% reduction in thermal conductivity compared to R2 blocks, and are lighter, with an 8% decrease in dry bulk density. Although no significant changes in mechanical parameters were observed, finer-structured R1 blocks showed a 25% greater tendency to absorb water due to changes in their porous structure. This study sheds light on the sensitivity of thermal parameters to changes in soil particle size and shows that blocks with finer particles exhibit poorer heat conduction and heat diffusion. Besides providing new insights into the literature, this research also provides a strategic approach to optimise the thermophysical properties of CEBs. By understanding the influence of particle size, researchers and practitioners can now develop strategies to enhance these properties and improve the overall performance of CEBs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app14051779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T08:34:35Z","timestamp":1708590875000},"page":"1779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Influence of Particle Size on Compressed Earth Blocks Properties and Strategies for Enhanced Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Turco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE), ARISE, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1997-7087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adilson","family":"Paula Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE), ARISE, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Jacinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE), ARISE, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9023-2013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE), ARISE, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1435-0733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE), ARISE, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2973-8175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Mateus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE), ARISE, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118286","article-title":"Life cycle analysis of environmental impacts of earthen materials in the Portuguese context: Rammed earth and compressed earth blocks","volume":"241","author":"Fernandes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108240","article-title":"Ten questions concerning the potential of digital production and new technologies for contemporary earthen constructions","volume":"206","author":"Schweiker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2023.110339","article-title":"Thermal comfort and passive survivability in earthen buildings","volume":"238","author":"Rempel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Fabbri, A., Aubert, J.-E., Bras, A.A., Faria, P., Gallipoli, D., Goffart, J., McGregor, F., Perlot-Bascoules, C., and Soudani, L. (2022). Testing and Characterisation of Earth-Based Building Materials and Elements, Springer."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Rigassi, V. (1985). Compressed Earth Blocks: Manual of Production, Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Entwicklungstechnologien."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.21809\/rilemtechlett.2021.149","article-title":"An overview of the remaining challenges of the RILEM TC 274-TCE, testing and characterisation of earth-based building materials and elements","volume":"6","author":"Fabbri","year":"2022","journal-title":"RILEM Tech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.024","article-title":"Optimizing thermal and mechanical performance of compressed earth blocks (CEB)","volume":"104","author":"Mansour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s41024-019-0066-4","article-title":"Influence of particle grading on the hygromechanical properties of hypercompacted earth","volume":"5","author":"Cuccurullo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Build. Pathol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.124770","article-title":"A comparative study of the effects of particle grading and compaction effort on the strength and stiffness of earth building materials at different humidity levels","volume":"306","author":"Cuccurullo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-013-0142-1","article-title":"Influence of soil grading on the characteristics of cement stabilised soil compacts","volume":"47","author":"Reddy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Struct. Mater. Et. Constr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2008.03.051","article-title":"Assessing the effects of soil grading on the moisture content-dependent thermal conductivity of stabilised rammed earth materials","volume":"29","author":"Hall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2017.02.035","article-title":"Earth concrete. Stabilization revisited","volume":"114","author":"Houben","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.023","article-title":"Influence of soil gradation, proportion and combination of admixtures on the properties and durability of CSEBs","volume":"110","author":"Nagaraj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4538","DOI":"10.48084\/etasr.3002","article-title":"Particle Packing Application for Improvement in the Properties of Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks with Reduced Clay and Silt","volume":"9","author":"Malkanthi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"e00717","article-title":"Use of construction waste to modify soil grading for compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEB) production","volume":"15","author":"Malkanthi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"CRATerre-EAG (1998). Compressed Earth Blocks: Standards\u2014Technology Series No.11, CRATerre-EAG."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2005.08.006","article-title":"The selection of soils for unstabilised earth building: A normative review","volume":"21","author":"Delgado","year":"2007","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(1969). Determina\u00e7\u00e3o dos Limites de Consistencia\u2014Soils. Determination of Consistency Limits. Standard No. LNEC NP 143, Solos. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(1965). Determina\u00e7\u00e3o da Densidade das Part\u00edculas\u2014Soils. Determination of Particle Density. Standard No. LNEC NP-83, Solos. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2011). Standard Test Method for Determining Specific Heat Capacity by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Standard No. E1269-11."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(1966). Ensaio de Compacta\u00e7\u00e3o\u2014Soils. Compaction Test. Standard No. LNEC E 197, Solos. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2002). Ensaios das Propriedades Geom\u00e9tricas dos Agregados: Parte 8: Determina\u00e7\u00e3o do Teor de Finos: Ensaio do Equivalente de Areia\u2014Tests for Geometrical Properties of Aggregates: Part 8: Assessment of Fines: Sand Equivalent Test. Standard No. NP EN 933-8. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2002). Ensaios das Propriedades Geom\u00e9tricas dos Agregados: Parte 9: Determina\u00e7\u00e3o do Teor de Finos: Ensaio do Azul de Metileno\u2014Tests for Geometrical Properties of Aggregates: Part 9: Assessment of Fines: Methylene Blue Test. Standard No. NP EN 933-9. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2014). Standard Test Methods for Moisture, Ash, and Organic Matter of Peat and Other Organic Soils. Standard No. ASTM D 2974."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minke, G. (2009). Building with Earth: Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture, Walter de Gruyter GmbH.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783034612623"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2014). 11 Standard Test Method for Thermal Performance of Building Materials and Envelope Assemblies by Means of a Hot Box Apparatus 1. Standard No. ASTM C1363."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2014). Thermal Insulation\u2014Building Elements\u2014Insitu Measurement of Thermal Resistance and Thermal Transmittance; Part 1: Heat Flow Meter Method. Standard No. ISO 9869-1:2014."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, E.R., Machado, G., De Adilson, P., Guarnier, C., Fernandes, J., Silva, S.M., and Mateus, R. (2020). Mechanical and thermal performance characterisation of compressed earth blocks. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13112978"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2002). M\u00e9todo de Ensaio de Blocos Para Alvenaria. Parte 1: Determina\u00e7\u00e3o da Resist\u00eancia \u00e0 Compress\u00e3o\u2014Methods of Test for Masonry Units. Part 1: Determination of Compressive Strength. Standard No. NP EN 772-1. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2007). Ensaios do Bet\u00e3o nas Estruturas. Parte 4: Determina\u00e7\u00e3o da Velocidade de Propaga\u00e7\u00e3o dos Ultra-Sons\u2014Testing Concrete in Structures. Part 4: Determination of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity. Standard No. NP EN 12504-4. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000723","article-title":"Assessment of Mechanical Properties and the Influence of the Addition of Sawdust in Soil\u2013Cement Bricks Using the Technique of Ultrasonic Anisotropic Inspection","volume":"26","author":"Carrasco","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.103961","article-title":"Prediction of physical-mechanical properties of hollow interlocking compressed unstabilized and stabilized earth blocks at different moisture conditions using ultrasonic pulse velocity","volume":"48","author":"Kasinikota","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(1993). Determina\u00e7\u00e3o da Absor\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00c1gua por Capilaridade\u2014Concrete. Determination of the Absorption of Water through Capillarity. Standard No. LNEC E 393, Bet\u00f5es. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(1993). Determina\u00e7\u00e3o da Absor\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00c1gua por Imers\u00e3o\u2014Concrete. Determination of the Absorption of Water by Immersion. Standard No. LNEC E 394, Bet\u00f5es. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(1998). Materials and Workmanship for Earth Buildings. Standard No. NZS 4298."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/0955-2219(95)00001-B","article-title":"The packing density of binary powder mixtures","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2013.01.043","article-title":"A 3-parameter particle packing model incorporating the wedging effect","volume":"237","author":"Kwan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3141\/2510-05","article-title":"Effects of Particle Size and Fines Content on Thermal Conductivity of Quartz Sands","volume":"2510","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Moevus, M., Anger, R., and Fontaine, L. (2012, January 22\u201327). Hygro-Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Earthen Materials for Construction: A Literature Review. Proceedings of the Terra 2012, XIth International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage, Lima, Peru."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1699752","article-title":"The thermal conductivity of soils","volume":"21","author":"Gemant","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ochsner, T. (2019). Rain or Shine: An Introduction to Soil Physical Properties and Processes, Oklahoma State University Library.","DOI":"10.22488\/okstate.21.000000"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10035-022-01277-9","article-title":"Influence of particle size and packing on the thermal conductivity of carbonate sand","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Granul. Matter"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1140\/epjb\/s10051-023-00483-5","article-title":"Heat transfer in granular media consisting of particles in humid air at low confining pressure","volume":"96","author":"Persson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. B"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1144\/petgeo.4.2.165","article-title":"The effect of grain size on thermal conductivity of quartz sands and silts","volume":"4","author":"Roaldset","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pet. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00231-022-03292-1","article-title":"Investigation of thermal inertia and hydric properties of an eco-building material: Compressed stabilized earth blocks","volume":"59","author":"Boulmaali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heat. Mass. Transf."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.047","article-title":"Thermal conductivity of cement stabilized earth blocks","volume":"151","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2019.101017","article-title":"Thermal performance of fired and unfired earth bricks walls","volume":"28","author":"Bruno","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-1323(94)00041-P","article-title":"Thermophysical properties of stabilised soil building blocks","volume":"30","author":"Adam","year":"1995","journal-title":"Build. Env."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125140","article-title":"Optimisation of Compressed Earth Blocks (CEBs) using natural origin materials: A systematic literature review","volume":"309","author":"Turco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.126888","article-title":"Authors closure to the Discussion of the Review article \u201cOptimisation of Compressed earth blocks (CEBs) using natural origin materials: A systematic literature review\u201d","volume":"325","author":"Turco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabbri, A., Morel, J.C., Aubert, J.E., Bui, Q.B., Gallipoli, D., and Reddy, B.V.V. (2022). Testing and Characterisation of Earth-Based Building Materials and Elements: State-of-the-Art Report of the RILEM TC 274-TCE, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-83297-1"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8778","DOI":"10.1080\/15440478.2021.1967831","article-title":"Effects of Incorporating Date Palm Waste as a Thermal Insulating Material on the Physical Properties and Mechanical Behavior of Compressed Earth Block","volume":"19","author":"Atiki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nat. Fibers"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"130582","article-title":"Ultrasonic, molecular and mechanical testing diagnostics in natural fibre reinforced, polymer-stabilized earth blocks","volume":"2013","author":"Bradley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.28991\/cej-2020-03091485","article-title":"The porosity of stabilized earth blocks with the addition plant fibers of the date palm","volume":"6","author":"Idder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Civ. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-014-0379-3","article-title":"Characterization of dry-stack interlocking compressed earth blocks","volume":"48","author":"Sturm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Struct.\/Mater. Et. Constr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2004.10.004","article-title":"Electrical resistivity survey in soil science: A review","volume":"83","author":"Cousin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soil. Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118098","article-title":"Weathering the storm: A framework to assess the resistance of earthen structures to water damage","volume":"242","author":"Beckett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2022.08.009","article-title":"An experimental approach for the investigation of the performance of non-stabilized Compressed Earth Blocks (CEBs) against water-mediated weathering","volume":"57","author":"Panagiotou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/14\/5\/1779\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:02:59Z","timestamp":1760104979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/14\/5\/1779"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["app14051779"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app14051779","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]}}}