{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:12:13Z","timestamp":1775607133317,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>At present, the development of new eco-friendly building materials for the production of lightweight partitions has become a challenge in order to advance towards the industrialization of the building sector. This work aims to design, characterize, and analyze the possibilities of applying innovative ecological gypsum composites lightened with hemp. To achieve this, samples have been prepared with partial replacement of 15% and 30% in volume of the original gypsum material by adding hemp both in the form of powder and fiber. The results show how the replacement of 15% of gypsum by hemp fiber with a length between 8 and 12 mm improves the flexural strength of the composites. Likewise, all the dosages prepared for this study have met the minimum requirements for mechanical strength required by current regulations, while also improving the water resistance behavior of gypsum composites. However, the main advantage derived from the use of these hemp-lightened gypsum-based materials lies in their reduced thermal conductivity, being up to 50% lower than that obtained for traditional materials. These results suggest the possible application of these materials to produce prefabricated boards and panels for a more sustainable construction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app14062229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T04:19:02Z","timestamp":1709785142000},"page":"2229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Development and Characterization of Innovative Hemp\u2013Gypsum Composites for Application in the Building Industry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3842-547X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Ferr\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda de la Edificaci\u00f3n, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Edificaci\u00f3n, Avda. Juan de Herrera, n\u00b0 6, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1032-1994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda de la Edificaci\u00f3n, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Edificaci\u00f3n, Avda. Juan de Herrera, n\u00b0 6, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7799-9740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Zaragoza-Benzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda de la Edificaci\u00f3n, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Edificaci\u00f3n, Avda. Juan de Herrera, n\u00b0 6, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3567-0269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Cobo-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Aeron\u00e1utica y del Espacio, Plaza del Cardenal Cisneros, n\u00b0 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0134-6762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISISE, ARISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s12520-021-01438-6","article-title":"Changes in traditional building materials: The case of gypsum in Northern Spain","volume":"13","author":"Elert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120056","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of natural and recycled gypsum production in the Spanish context","volume":"253","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.123791","article-title":"Investigation of gypsum composites with different lightweight fillers","volume":"297","author":"Keppert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.01.053","article-title":"Influence of the heating process on the use of gypsum wastes in plasters: Mechanical, thermal and environmental analysis","volume":"215","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidales-Barriguete, A., Santa-Cruz-Astorqui, J., Pi\u00f1a-Ram\u00edrez, C., Kosior-Kazberuk, M., Kalinowska-Wichrowska, K., and Atanes-S\u00e1nchez, E. (2021). Study of the Mechanical and Physical Behavior of Gypsum Boards with Plastic Cable Waste Aggregates and Their Application to Construction Panels. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14092255"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.130840","article-title":"Mechanical and thermophysical characterization of gypsum composites reinforced by different wastes for green building applications","volume":"372","author":"Balti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guijarro-Miragaya, P., Ferr\u00e1ndez, D., Atanes-S\u00e1nchez, E., and Zaragoza-Benzal, A. (2023). Characterization of a New Lightweight Plaster Material with Superabsorbent Polymers and Perlite for Building Applications. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13071641"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.103338","article-title":"A review of the research about gypsum mortars with waste aggregates","volume":"45","author":"Vidales","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.105640","article-title":"Physical and mechanical properties of gypsum-based composites reinforced with basalt, glass, and PVA fibers","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2023.01.081","article-title":"The influence of water-gypsum ratio on the properties of national gypsum (J\u03bfss) for various additives","volume":"80","author":"Elaiwi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4901","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage6070261","article-title":"Feasibility of Ecofriendly Mortars with Different Hemp Additions for Use in Building Sector","volume":"6","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heritage"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.11.152","article-title":"Mechanical behavior of chemically-treated hemp fibers reinforced composites subjected to moisture absorption","volume":"22","author":"Bollino","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2017.12.016","article-title":"Influence of natural fibers characteristics on the interface mechanics with cement based matrices","volume":"140","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2003.09.014","article-title":"Maleated coupling agents for natural fibre composites","volume":"35","author":"Keener","year":"2004","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2006.10.010","article-title":"A novel fiber treatment applied to woven jute fabric\/vinylester laminates","volume":"38","author":"Stocchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.09.020","article-title":"Mechanical behavior of plaster reinforced with abaca fibers","volume":"99","author":"Iucolano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s41062-022-01007-3","article-title":"Analysis of the influence of wheat residues on gypsum composites","volume":"8","author":"Resende","year":"2023","journal-title":"Innov. Infrastruct. Soluntions"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.11.401","article-title":"Analysis of long unidirectional sisal fibers reinforced plaster: An experimental investigation","volume":"52","author":"Miraoui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.128257","article-title":"Experimental behavior of plaster\/cork functionally graded core sandwich panels with polymer skins","volume":"344","author":"Medjmadj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2023.111782","article-title":"Valorization of virgin cork by the design of cork-plaster composites","volume":"161","author":"Svetlana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"e01353","article-title":"Thermal insulation potential of wood-cereal straws\/plaster composite","volume":"17","author":"Mehrez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2022.111984","article-title":"A new experimental strategy assessing the optimal thermo-mechanical properties of plaster composites containing Alfa fibers","volume":"262","author":"Touil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.107390","article-title":"Mechanical properties of plaster reinforced with yute fabrics","volume":"178","author":"Montava","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.132065","article-title":"Rice husk and coir fibers as sustainable and green reinforcements for high performance gypsum composites","volume":"393","author":"Aramwit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.02.001","article-title":"Estimation of the thermophysical properties of date palm fibers\/gypsum composite for use as insulating materials in building","volume":"140","author":"Braiek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2020.108540","article-title":"A comprehensive overview of fibre-reinforced gypsum-based composites (FRGCs) in the construction field","volume":"205","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"209","article-title":"Eco-Friendly Composites for Brake Pads from Agro Waste: A Review","volume":"3","author":"Rashid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Encycl. Mater. Compos."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.08.093","article-title":"Development of novel building composites based on hemp and multi-functional silica matrix","volume":"156","author":"Hussain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2011.04.006","article-title":"Biomass and energy yield of industrial hemp grown for biogas and solid fuel","volume":"35","author":"Prade","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.123","article-title":"Hygrothermal performance of an experimental hemp\u2013lime building","volume":"36","author":"Shea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.029","article-title":"Effects of hemp fibers on characteristics of cement based mortar","volume":"169","author":"Bideci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.117852","article-title":"A review of the properties of hemp concrete for green building applications","volume":"239","author":"Jami","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120476","article-title":"Production of hemp-gypsum composites with enhanced flexural and impact resistance","volume":"260","author":"Boccarusso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.12.363","article-title":"Mechanical and thermophysical behavior of hemp fiber reinforced gypsum composites","volume":"44","author":"Babu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.107073","article-title":"Hemp as eco-friendly substitute of glass fibres for gypsum reinforcement: Impact and flexural behaviour","volume":"175","author":"Iucolano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.036","article-title":"Thermo-mechanical behaviour of hemp fibers-reinforced gypsum plasters","volume":"185","author":"Iucolano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.108147","article-title":"Fire behavior of hemp blocks: A biomass-based construction material","volume":"80","author":"Shewalul","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Bulding Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2017.11.037","article-title":"Evaluation of bio-degummed hemp fibers as reinforcement in gypsum plaster","volume":"138","author":"Iucolano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2009). Gypsum Binders and Gypsum Plasters\u2014Part 1: Definitions and Requirements (Standard No. EN 13279-1:2009)."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.107862","article-title":"Influence of high-temperature exposure on the properties of gypsum-plastic waste composites: Thermophysical and microstructural analysis","volume":"79","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.01.200","article-title":"Influence of polycarbonate waste on gypsum composites: Mechanical and environmental study","volume":"218","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2024, January 21). Placo Saint Gobain. Available online: https:\/\/www.placo.es\/Producto\/iberfinor#marketing-description."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_43.1","unstructured":"European Union (1998). Council Directive"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_43.2","unstructured":"(EU) 98\/83\/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption. Off. J. Eur. Communities, 330, 32-54."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2014). Gypsum Binders and Gypsum Plasters\u2014Part 2: Test Methods (Standard No. EN 13279-2:2014)."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125566","article-title":"Raw materials consumption and demolition waste generation of the urban building sector 2016\u20132050: A scenario-based material flow analysis of Vienna","volume":"288","author":"Lederer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2023). Gypsum Plasters. Other Test Methods (Standard No. UNE 102042:2023)."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(1999). Natural Stone Test Methods\u2014Determination of Water Absorption Coefficient by Capillarity (Standard No. EN 1925:1999)."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2013). Agglomerated Stone\u2014Test Methods\u2014Part 1: Determination of Apparent Density and Water Absorption (Standard No. EN 14617-1:2013)."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2007). Natural Stone Test Methods\u2014Determination of Real Density and Apparent Density, and of Total and Open Porosity (Standard No. EN 1936:2007)."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2012). Gypsum Blocks\u2014Definitions, Requirements and Test Methods (Standard No. EN 12859:2012)."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Leiva-Aguilera, M.J. (2017). Escayola aditivada con residuos de c\u00e1scara de arroz. [Doctoral Thesis, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid]."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"145","article-title":"New composite gypsum plaster\u2014Ground waste rubber coming from pipe foam insulation","volume":"55","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferr\u00e1ndez, D., \u00c1lvarez, M., Zaragoza-Benzal, A., and Santos, P. (2024). Eco-Design and Characterization of Sustainable Lightweight Gypsum Composites for Panel Manufacturing including End-of-Life Tyre Wastes. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17030635"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-0618(99)00021-5","article-title":"Development of cork\u2013gypsum composites for building applications","volume":"13","author":"Bollati","year":"1999","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e18147","article-title":"Effect of fibre loading on mechanical properties of jute fibre bundle reinforced gypsum composites","volume":"9","author":"Abir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.129308","article-title":"Thermal and mechanical performance of gypsum composites with waste cellulose acetate fibres","volume":"356","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"e02178","article-title":"New lightened plaster material with dissolved recycled expanded polystyrene and end-of-life tyres fibres for building prefabricated industry","volume":"18","year":"2023","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2007.01.018","article-title":"Porous structure and water vapour sorption of hemp-based materials","volume":"22","author":"Collet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"571","article-title":"Gypsum compounds with the addition of post-consumer textile fibres of cotton","volume":"75","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf. Construcci\u00f3n"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.116956","article-title":"Analysis of the improved water-resistant properties of plaster compounds with the addition of plastic waste","volume":"230","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125072","article-title":"Influence of the NaOH-treated hemp fibres on the properties of fly-ash based alkali-activated mortars prior and after wet\/dry cycles","volume":"309","author":"Poletanovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.102433","article-title":"Wool and coir fiber reinforced gypsum ceiling tiles with enhanced stability and acoustic and thermal resistance","volume":"41","author":"Guna","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coco.2019.08.010","article-title":"Development of a new eco-friendly composite material based on gypsum reinforced with a mixture of cork fibre and cardboard waste for building thermal insulation","volume":"16","author":"Sair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Comun."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez, M., Santos, P., Lopes, P., Abrantes, D., and Ferr\u00e1ndez, D. (2022). Performance Characterisation of a New Plaster Composite Lightened with End-of-Life Tyres\u2019 Recycled Materials for False Ceiling Plates. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15165660"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, P., Lopes, P., and Abrantes, D. (2022). Thermal Performance of Load-Bearing, Lightweight, Steel-Framed Partition Walls Using Thermal Break Strips: A Parametric Study. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15249271"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, P., and Ribeiro, T. (2021). Thermal Performance Improvement of Double-Pane Lightweight Steel Framed Walls Using Thermal Break Strips and Reflective Foils. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14216927"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, P., Lemes, G., and Mateus, D. (2019). Thermal Transmittance of Internal Partition and External Facade LSF Walls: A Parametric Study. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12142671"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"e02380","article-title":"Manufacture and characterisation of a new lightweight plaster for application in wet rooms under circular economy criteria","volume":"19","year":"2023","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moga, L., Petran, I., Santos, P., and Ungureanu, V. (2022). Thermo-Energy Performance of Lightweight Steel Framed Constructions: A Case Study. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12030321"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.08.077","article-title":"Eco-efficient acoustic and thermal conditioning using false ceiling plates made from plaster and wood waste","volume":"166","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/14\/6\/2229\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:10:13Z","timestamp":1760105413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/14\/6\/2229"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["app14062229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app14062229","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]}}}