{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T15:25:38Z","timestamp":1773329138318,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["PID2020-112794RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-112794RB-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper analyses the application of deep learning techniques for predicting wave overtopping events in port environments using sea state and weather forecasts as inputs. The study was conducted in the outer port of Punta Langosteira, A Coru\u00f1a, Spain. A video-recording infrastructure was installed to monitor overtopping events from 2015 to 2022, identifying 3709 overtopping events. The data collected were merged with actual and predicted data for the sea state and weather conditions during the overtopping events, creating three datasets. We used these datasets to create several machine learning models to predict whether an overtopping event would occur based on sea state and weather conditions. The final models achieved a high accuracy level during the training and testing stages: 0.81, 0.73, and 0.84 average accuracy during training and 0.67, 0.48, and 0.86 average accuracy during testing, respectively. The results of this study have significant implications for port safety and efficiency, as wave overtopping events can cause disruptions and potential damage. Using deep learning techniques for overtopping prediction can help port managers take preventative measures and optimize operations, ultimately improving safety and helping to minimize the economic impact that overtopping events have on the port\u2019s activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app14062611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T13:09:36Z","timestamp":1710940176000},"page":"2611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Deep Learning-Based Wave Overtopping Prediction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3404-3354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Alvarellos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Software Engineering Laboratory (ISLA), Centro de Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3xica en Edificaci\u00f3n e Enxe\u00f1ar\u00eda Civil (CITEEC), Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Campus Elvi\u00f1a s\/n, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6862-8492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Figuero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water and Environmental Engineering Group (GEAMA), Centro de Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3xica en Edificaci\u00f3n e Enxe\u00f1ar\u00eda Civil (CITEEC), Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Campus Elvi\u00f1a s\/n, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6781-7838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Y\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Software Engineering Laboratory (ISLA), Centro de Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3xica en Edificaci\u00f3n e Enxe\u00f1ar\u00eda Civil (CITEEC), Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Campus Elvi\u00f1a s\/n, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7535-1396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Sande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water and Environmental Engineering Group (GEAMA), Centro de Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3xica en Edificaci\u00f3n e Enxe\u00f1ar\u00eda Civil (CITEEC), Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Campus Elvi\u00f1a s\/n, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water and Environmental Engineering Group (GEAMA), Centro de Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3xica en Edificaci\u00f3n e Enxe\u00f1ar\u00eda Civil (CITEEC), Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Campus Elvi\u00f1a s\/n, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3768-3314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Rosa-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1253-4419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Rabu\u00f1al","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RNASA Group, Centro de Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3xica en Edificaci\u00f3n e Enxe\u00f1ar\u00eda Civil (CITEEC), Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Campus Elvi\u00f1a s\/n, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNCTAD (2021). 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