{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:00:01Z","timestamp":1760144401035,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES\/Portuguese Republic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/151414\/2021","56"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/151414\/2021","56"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Component 5\u2014Capitalization and Business Innovation","award":["SFRH\/BD\/151414\/2021","56"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/151414\/2021","56"]}]},{"name":"Next Generation EU","award":["SFRH\/BD\/151414\/2021","56"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/151414\/2021","56"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, the transmission system operators (TSOs) from Portugal and Spain do not procure a frequency containment reserve (FCR) through market mechanisms. In this context, a virtual power plant (VPP) that aggregates sources, such as wind and solar power and hydrogen electrolyzers (HEs), would benefit from future participation in this ancillary service market. The methodology proposed in this paper allows for quantifying the revenues of a VPP that aggregates wind and solar power and HEs, considering the opportunity costs of these units when reserving power for FCR participation. The results were produced using real data from past FCR market sessions. Using market data from 2022, a VPP that aggregates half of the HEs and is expected to be connected in the country by 2025 will have revenues over EUR 800k, of which EUR 90k will be HEs revenues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app14072985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T10:58:31Z","timestamp":1712055511000},"page":"2985","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["VPP Participation in the FCR Cooperation Considering Opportunity Costs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6659-2198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando J.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC, Campus da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Campus da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7638-1522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o A.","family":"Pe\u00e7as Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC, Campus da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Campus da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0750-5058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe J.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC, Campus da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1817-102X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 G.","family":"Madureira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Clean Energy Systems Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 Rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2017\/2195 of 23 November 2017 establishing a guideline on electricity balancing","volume":"312","author":"Commission","year":"2017","journal-title":"Off. 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