{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T17:18:11Z","timestamp":1765041491887,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation of Science and Technology (FCT Portugal)","award":["2021.04976.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.04976.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we quantified relevant biophysical characteristics of two elite rowers across a wide range of intensities. Two &lt;40-year-old male and female Olympic and World Championship finalists performed a 7 \u00d7 3 min protocol plus 1 min maximal effort on a rowing ergometer. The intensity increase resulted in maximum values of 79.4 \u00b1 2.4 and 69.7 \u00b1 1.5 mL\/min\/kg for oxygen uptake, 179.3 \u00b1 5.7 and 152.5 \u00b1 2.9 L\/min for ventilation, 170 \u00b1 1 and 173 \u00b1 0 bpm for heart rate, 10.6 and 15.8 mmol\/L for blood lactate concentration, and 38.1 \u00b1 0.03 and 38.8 \u00b1 0.03 \u00b0C for core temperature for the male and female rowers. The percentage of power corresponding to a previously conducted maximum 2000 m rowing ergometer test and the work at each step increased from 49 to 127 and 42 to 103% and from 226.8 to 398.9 J and 174.0 to 250.0 J, from low to extreme intensities, for the male and female. Concurrently, there was a decrease in cycle length and propulsive time, followed by an increase in maximal handle drive velocity, with the rise in rowing intensity. These world-class rowers seem capable of maintaining physiological and technical profiles (and a remarkable capacity to generate substantial power) at this phase of their careers possibly due to long-term engagement in elite-level training. Biophysical data provide valuable referential information for guiding rowers to improve their performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app14104273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T12:02:23Z","timestamp":1715947343000},"page":"4273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Physiological and Biomechanical Characteristics of Olympic and World-Class Rowers\u2014Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9722-3910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3574-6692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manoel","family":"Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7829-5222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4885-4924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2070-2064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4527-3865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Arturo","family":"Abraldes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Movement Sciences and Sport (MS&SPORT), Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus San Javier, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Murcia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2885-7666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz B.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDAF\u2014Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4109-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Vilas-Boas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5811-0443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200535070-00005","article-title":"Monitoring of performance and training in rowing","volume":"35","author":"Maestu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"55","article-title":"Relation between Maximum Oxygen Uptake and Anaerobic Threshold, and the Rowing Ergometer Results in Senior Rowers","volume":"8","author":"Lozovina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199609000-00011","article-title":"A 20-yr longitudinal study of Olympic oarsmen","volume":"28","author":"Hagerman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med. 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