{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T07:28:49Z","timestamp":1771658929710,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]],"date-time":"2024-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI86-CI-IPOP-66-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI86-CI-IPOP-66-2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Fernando Pessoa","award":["PI86-CI-IPOP-66-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI86-CI-IPOP-66-2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer-associated cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterised by systemic inflammation and hypermetabolism that affects different tissues and organs. Is characterised by progressive and irreversible weight loss, mainly due to skeletal muscle wasting and often accompanied by loss of fat mass. Due to its complexity, and lack of effective treatment, this syndrome is a sign of poor prognosis in cancer patients. Cellular models constitute a valuable and powerful tool offering insights into the molecular pathways and cellular responses associated with cancer cachexia. Currently, there are robust and widely used cell lines used to establish models to study the pathophysiology of muscle wasting and adipose tissue loss. Various methods can be used to induce the cachectic phenotype in the cells, utilising genetic engineering or different inducing agents such as hormones, inflammatory factors and chemotherapeutic drugs. The available experimental data on their metabolic properties and transcriptional and proteomic profiles allows the selection of the most suitable research model to replicate the relevant aspects of cachexia. In this review, we make an overview of the in vitro models used to study biological aspects of cancer-associated cachexia and analyse their strengths and limitations in replicating the complex physiological environment and pathological processes of the syndrome. Herein, we also briefly approach the difficulty of modelling the contribution of different organs and crosstalk between different tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app14135419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T08:42:03Z","timestamp":1719218523000},"page":"5419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In Vitro Models for Cancer-Associated Cachexia: The Complex Modelling of a Multiorgan Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Isabel","family":"Meireles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)\/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Raquel Seruca, Rua Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3010-8373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)\/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Raquel Seruca, Rua Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, GIT-LoSa, University Fernando Pessoa, Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4513-4654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Cerqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)\/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Raquel Seruca, Rua Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, GIT-LoSa, University Fernando Pessoa, Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70218-7","article-title":"Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: An international consensus","volume":"12","author":"Fearon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12528","article-title":"Cancer cachexia and its pathophysiology: Links with sarcopenia, anorexia and asthenia","volume":"11","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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