{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T04:28:40Z","timestamp":1774499320541,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/00425\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/00425\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT Scientific Employment Stimulus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT Scientific Employment Stimulus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT Scientific Employment Stimulus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT Scientific Employment Stimulus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/00425\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/00425\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study undertakes a thorough review of the ethnomedicinal properties of salt-tolerant plants and their potential to treat neurological disorders and enhance mental health. Aimed at bridging the gap between historical knowledge and contemporary scientific validation, our research meticulously evaluates both the traditional uses and the existing scientific evidence supporting the neuroprotective effects of these plants, leveraging in vitro and in vivo experimental findings. Through a comprehensive search of articles from 2001 to December 2023 across scientific databases, we identified sixteen species across nine plant families with demonstrated in vitro neuroprotective properties. Among these, the Chenopodiaceae and Juncaceae families emerged as the most represented, including plants such as Salicornia sp., Juncus sp., and Limonium sp., primarily recognized for their cholinesterase inhibitory activity. However, a notable disparity exists between traditional applications and scientific examination, with only six species undergoing in vivo testing. This discrepancy underscores the imperative for future research to delve deeper into validating traditional uses and elucidating the mechanisms underlying neuroprotection. Our findings highlight the need for research on salt-tolerant plants traditionally used for neurological benefits. Key steps include systematic screening, identification of active compounds through bioassay-guided fractionation, and in vivo testing. Integrating traditional knowledge with modern pharmacology, while emphasizing sustainable and ethical approaches, is essential for advancing neuroprotective drug discovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app14135534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T11:09:09Z","timestamp":1719400149000},"page":"5534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neuroprotective and Mental Health Benefits of Salt-Tolerant Plants: A Comprehensive Review of Traditional Uses and Biological Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8732-710X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR\/CIMAR LA), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1131-8773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina Guerreiro","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR\/CIMAR LA), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4338-7703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Cust\u00f3dio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR\/CIMAR LA), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32388-8","article-title":"Mental health challenges raised by rapid economic and social transformations in China: A systematic review","volume":"394","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89700-8","article-title":"Global prevalence of mental health issues among the general population during the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Nochaiwong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e551","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30190-0","article-title":"The burden of neurological diseases in Europe: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"5","author":"Deuschl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30240-6","article-title":"Addressing the public mental health challenge of COVID-19","volume":"7","author":"Campion","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.08.002","article-title":"Changes in the global burden of depression from 1990 to 2017: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease study","volume":"126","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2021.02.025","article-title":"Clinicopathological correlations and cholinesterase expression in early-onset familial Alzheimer\u2019s disease with the presenilin 1 mutation, Leu235Pro","volume":"103","author":"Cash","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Tyagi, Y., Kumar, M., and Kumar, S. (2020). Synthesis of novel 4-methylthiocoumarin and comparison with conventional coumarin derivative as a multi-target-directed ligand in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. 3 Biotech, 10.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-020-02481-1"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"015","article-title":"The Structural Hybrids of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Review","volume":"4","author":"Saxena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Neurodegener. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203720666191107094949","article-title":"Butyrylcholinesterase: A Multifaceted Pharmacological Target and Tool","volume":"21","author":"Ha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Pistolozzi, M., Liu, S., and Tan, W. (2020). Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel carbamates as potential inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Bioorganic Med. Chem., 28.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2020.115324"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"A novel neuroprotective cholinesterase-monoamine oxidase inhibitor for treatment of dementia and depression in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Neurodegener. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11062-020-09864-3","article-title":"Butyrylcholinesterase in Substance Abuse: An Overview","volume":"52","author":"Nurulain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurophysiology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e050501","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050501","article-title":"Prospective, observational, single-centre cohort study with an independent control group matched for age and sex aimed at investigating the significance of cholinergic activity in patients with schizophrenia: Study protocol of the CLASH-study","volume":"11","author":"Schick","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.20170041","article-title":"Popular Herbal and Natural Remedies Used in Psychiatry","volume":"16","author":"Mischoulon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Focus"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8590381","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8590381","article-title":"Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Mental and Neurological Disorders in Ghana","volume":"2018","author":"Amoateng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid. -Based Complement. Altern. Med. Ecam"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1934578X19864215","article-title":"Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Mental Illnesses in the Berea, Leribe, and Maseru Districts of Lesotho","volume":"14","author":"Mabaleha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Herbal Medicine Effectiveness on Neurological Disorders","volume":"1","author":"Usef","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, M. (2020). Medicinal Plant-based Functional Foods for the Management of Neurological Health. Preprints, 2020060311.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202006.0311.v1"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2021\/v33i64B35334","article-title":"Psychiatric Disorder and Its Management through Ayurveda: A Review","volume":"33","author":"Thakre","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2018.01.002","article-title":"Neuroprotective potency of some spice herbs, a literature review","volume":"9","author":"Khazdair","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3390\/world5010003","article-title":"Exploring the Potentials of Halophytes in Addressing Climate Change-Related Issues: A Synthesis of Their Biological, Environmental, and Socioeconomic Aspects","volume":"5","author":"Hameed","year":"2024","journal-title":"World"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ammar, A., Trabelsi, K., M\u00fcller, P., Bouaziz, B., Boukhris, O., Glenn, J.M., Bott, N., Driss, T., Chtourou, H., and M\u00fcller, N. (2020). The Effect of (Poly)phenol-Rich Interventions on Cognitive Functions and Neuroprotective Measures in Healthy Aging Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030835"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grigore, M.-N., and Vicente, O. (2023). Wild Halophytes: Tools for Understanding Salt Tolerance Mechanisms of Plants and for Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12020221"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.11.045","article-title":"Medicinal plants in the Mediterranean area: Synthesis of the results of the project Rubia","volume":"116","author":"Pieroni","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.06.021","article-title":"Traditional uses of plants in the Eastern Riviera (Liguria, Italy)","volume":"125","author":"Cornara","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"368","article-title":"Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Kurd tribe in Dehloran and Abdanan districts, Ilam Province, Iran","volume":"10","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.04.041","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological notes about ancient uses of medicinal plants in Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes (northern of Portugal)","volume":"124","author":"Neves","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvo, M.M., Mart\u00edn-Diana, A.B., Rico, D., L\u00f3pez-Caballero, M.E., and Mart\u00ednez-\u00c1lvarez, O. (2022). Antioxidant, Antihypertensive, Hypoglycaemic and Nootropic Activity of a Polyphenolic Extract from the Halophyte Ice Plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum). Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11111581"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2017.03.036","article-title":"Biochemical profile and in vitro neuroprotective properties of Carpobrotus edulis L., a medicinal and edible halophyte native to the coast of South Africa","volume":"111","author":"Rocha","year":"2017","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1515\/bot-2012-0098","article-title":"The marine halophytes Carpobrotus edulis L. and Arthrocnemum macrostachyum L. are potential sources of nutritionally important PUFAs and metabolites with antioxidant, metal chelating and anticholinesterase inhibitory activities","volume":"55","author":"Ferreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bot. Mar."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamal, Z., Ullah, F., Ayaz, M., Sadiq, A., Ahmad, S., Zeb, A., Hussain, A., and Imran, M. (2015). Anticholinesterase and antioxidant investigations of crude extracts, subsequent fractions, saponins, and flavonoids of Atriplex laciniata L.: Potential effectiveness in Alzheimer\u2019s and other neurological disorders. Biol. Res., 48.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-015-0011-1"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25381-0","article-title":"Ameliorative potential of desalted Salicornia europaea L. extract in multifaceted Alzheimer\u2019s-like scopolamine-induced amnesic mice model","volume":"8","author":"Karthivashan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2021.100548","article-title":"Valorisation of Salicornia ramosissima biowaste by a green approach\u2013An optimizing study using response surface methodology","volume":"24","author":"Pinto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-010-9635-4","article-title":"Protective effects of flavonoid extract from Apocynum venetum leaves against corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells","volume":"31","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.3329\/bjp.v11i2.26001","article-title":"Anti-oxidant, antimicrobial and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of organic extracts from aerial parts of three Tunisian plants and correlation with polyphenols and flavonoids contents","volume":"11","author":"Sellem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bangladesh J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2023.2230385","article-title":"Antioxidant potentials and inhibitory activities of \u03b1-amylase, \u03b1-glucosidase, and acetylcholinesterase of different fractions from Salsola tetragona Delile","volume":"26","author":"Cherrada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2022.113155","article-title":"Structures and neuroprotective activities of triterpenoids from Cynomorium coccineum subsp","volume":"198","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"songaricum (Rupr.) J. Leonard. Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, M.J., Cust\u00f3dio, L., Mecha, E., Zengin, G., Czi\u00e1ky, Z., Sotk\u00f3, G., and Pereira, C.G. (2022). Nutritional and Phyto-Therapeutic Value of the Halophyte Cladium mariscus L. (Pohl.): A Special Focus on Seeds. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11212910"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2018.1496429","article-title":"Licochalcone B, a chalcone derivative from Glycyrrhiza inflata, as a multifunctional agent for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843463","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2843463","article-title":"Assessment of Antioxidant Activity and Neuroprotective Capacity on PC12 Cell Line of Frankenia thymifolia and Related Phenolic LC-MS\/MS Identification","volume":"2016","author":"Ksouri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid. -Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2016.1278452","article-title":"LC-MS identification and preparative HPLC isolation of Frankenia pulverulenta phenolics with antioxidant and neuroprotective capacities in PC12 cell line","volume":"55","author":"Wided","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.04.006","article-title":"Juncaceae species as sources of innovative bioactive compounds for the food industry: In vitro antioxidant activity, neuroprotective properties and in silico studies","volume":"107","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2015.1027655","article-title":"Protective effects of Nitraria retusa extract and its constituent isorhamnetin against amyloid \u03b2-induced cytotoxicity and amyloid \u03b2 aggregation","volume":"79","author":"Iida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2018.11.053","article-title":"Exploring the halophyte Cistanche phelypaea (L.) Cout. as a source of health-promoting products: In vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties, metabolomic profile, and computational studies","volume":"165","author":"Trampetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.05.018","article-title":"Sea rose (Armeria pungens (Link) Hoffmanns. & Link) as a potential source of innovative industrial products for anti-ageing applications","volume":"121","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.06.011","article-title":"Phenolic contents and biological activities of Limoniastrum guyonianum fractions obtained by Centrifugal Partition Chromatography","volume":"49","author":"Trabelsi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youssef, S., Cust\u00f3dio, L., Rodrigues, M.J., Pereira, C.G., Calhelha, R.C., Jek\u0151, J., Czi\u00e1ky, Z., and ben Hamed, K. (2023). Harnessing the Bioactive Potential of Limonium spathulatum (Desf.) Kuntze: Insights into Enzyme Inhibition and Phytochemical Profile. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12193391"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2020.08.021","article-title":"Antioxidant, anti-alzheimer, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities of the endemic halophyte Limonium spathulatum (Desf.) Kuntze on LPS-stimulated RAW264 macrophages","volume":"135","author":"Mazouz","year":"2020","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2017.12.003","article-title":"Coupling sea lavender (Limonium algarvense Erben) and green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) to produce an innovative herbal beverage with enhanced enzymatic inhibitory properties","volume":"120","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakhouche, I., Boubellouta, T., Aliat, T., Gali, L., and Bellik, Y. (2022). HPLC-DAD profiling, enzyme inhibitory, antihemolytic, and photoprotective activities of Limonium delicatulum leaf extract. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol., 43.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2022.102438"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadeer, N.B., Sinan, K.I., Czi\u00e1ky, Z., Jek\u0151, J., Zengin, G., Jeewon, R., Abdallah, H.H., Aldhaheri, Y., Eid, A.H., and Mahomoodally, M.F. (2022). Towards the Pharmacological Validation and Phytochemical Profiling of the Decoction and Maceration of Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam.\u2014A Traditionally Used Medicinal Halophyte. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27062000"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, M.A., Lagamayo, M.W.D., Alejandro, G.J.D., and An, S.S.A. (2019). Anti-amyloidogenic and cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity of Guettarda speciosa. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24224112"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y.Y., Huang, D.L., Dong, Y., Qin, D.P., Yan, Y.M., and Cheng, Y.X. (2019). Neuroprotective Norsesquiterpenoids and Triterpenoids from Populus euphratica Resins. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24234379"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.12.001","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory effects of some Turkish medicinal plants","volume":"110","author":"Orhan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"86","article-title":"Ethnomedicinal study and screening of plants used for memory enhancement and antiaging in Sagamu, Nigeria","volume":"189","author":"Elufioye","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iliyasu, M.O., Musa, S.A., Oladele, S.B., and Iliya, A.I. (2023). Amyloid-beta aggregation implicates multiple pathways in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Understanding the mechanisms. Front. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1081938"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-020-00195-1","article-title":"Peripheral clearance of brain-derived A\u03b2 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Pathophysiology and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"441","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of phenolic acids and their derivatives: A comparative study","volume":"176","author":"Bento","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-009-0136-3","article-title":"Flavonoids and brain health: Multiple effects underpinned by common mechanisms","volume":"4","author":"Spencer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1209","article-title":"Flavonoids, neurotransmission, and neuroprotection","volume":"35","author":"Hamon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"619","article-title":"Flavonoid baicalin promotes adult hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"343","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of terpenoids in inflammatory central nervous system disorders","volume":"471","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"11271","article-title":"Metal chelation and inhibition of metal-mediated amyloid formation by polyphenols","volume":"57","author":"Cheignon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Wang, S., Kuang, P., Chen, J., Ma, Y., Zhang, P., and Li, G. (2016). Phenolic compounds with anti-amyloidogenic activity and their mechanisms of action: A review. Front. Aging Neurosci., 8."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27460","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-17810-x","article-title":"Anti-migraine activity of freeze-dried latex obtained from Calotropis gigantea Linn","volume":"29","author":"Bhatia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.24.848","article-title":"Antidepressant effects of Apocynum venetum leaves in a forced swimming test","volume":"24","author":"Butterweck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(03)00118-7","article-title":"Long-term effects of an Apocynum venetum extract on brain monoamine levels and \u03b2-AR density in rats","volume":"75","author":"Butterweck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-014-0305-z","article-title":"Protective effects of Althaea officinalis L. extract in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced hemi-Parkinsonism model: Behavioral, biochemical and histochemical evidence","volume":"64","author":"Rezaei","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129435","article-title":"Characterization, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects of anthocyanins from Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. fruit","volume":"353","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5921514","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5921514","article-title":"Pharmacological Evaluation of Mentha spicata L. and Plantago major L., Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Anxiety and Insomnia in Colombian Caribbean Coast","volume":"2018","author":"Caro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(02)02017-5","article-title":"Assessing antidepressant activity in rodents: Recent developments and future needs","volume":"23","author":"Cryan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2012.044","article-title":"Using the rat forced swim test to assess antidepressant-like activity in rodents","volume":"7","author":"Slattery","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1423","article-title":"Sedative and hypnotic activities of flavonoids from Passiflora edulis in mice","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Liu, H., Zhang, Q., and Hu, X. (2020). GABAergic and serotonergic systems are implicated in the sedative and hypnotic effects of loganin. Front. Pharmacol., 11."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-2011-11023","article-title":"MPTP mouse models of Parkinson\u2019s disease: An update","volume":"1","author":"Meredith","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.11.036","article-title":"The cholinergic system and spatial learning","volume":"221","author":"Deiana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajialyani, M., Hosein Farzaei, M., Echeverria, J., Nabavi, S.M., Uriarte, E., and Sobarzo-S\u00e1nchez, E. (2019). Hesperidin as a neuroprotective agent: A review of animal and clinical evidence. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24030648"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A., Kukreti, R., Saso, L., and Kukreti, S. (2019). Oxidative stress: A key modulator in neurodegenerative diseases. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24081583"}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/14\/13\/5534\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:04:31Z","timestamp":1760108671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/14\/13\/5534"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["app14135534"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app14135534","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]}}}