{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T15:30:13Z","timestamp":1776785413581,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco\u2014FACEPE, Brazil","award":["APQ 1387-3.03\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ 1387-3.03\/22"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco\u2014FACEPE, Brazil","award":["IBPG-0849-3.03\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IBPG-0849-3.03\/20"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco\u2014FACEPE, Brazil","award":["UIDB\/00285\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00285\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco\u2014FACEPE, Brazil","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal","award":["APQ 1387-3.03\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ 1387-3.03\/22"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal","award":["IBPG-0849-3.03\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IBPG-0849-3.03\/20"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal","award":["UIDB\/00285\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00285\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Impedance Spectroscopy (IS) is a general term for the technique referring to small-signal measurements of the linear electrical response of a domain of interest. This method is based on the analysis of the system\u2019s electrical response to yield helpful information about its domain-dependent physicochemical properties (generally, the analysis is carried out in the frequency domain). Nowadays, there are many areas of application where IS can be used to evaluate or enhance the development of emerging products and processes. As a contribution to this field of research, this paper presents relevant theoretical\u2013practical aspects of the interpretation and analysis of the electrical behavior of materials based on IS and IS modelling. The work starts by historically introducing IS and then goes through different domains of application of the technique, such as Materials Science and correlated areas. Afterwards, an introduction to IS usage for constructing equivalent electrical circuits is presented, aiming at modelling the materials\u2019 electrical behavior, followed by examples from the literature that use the two possible circuit development approaches, the series and the parallel association of circuit elements. Lastly, the authors present a case study of their most recent efforts of a circuit model development of relative humidity (RH) sensors based on heterogeneous mixed metal oxide (MMO) nanostructures, used to understand and identify existing contributions to the overall electrical response of the sensors to moisture; in their case, the electrical response of the MMO sensors was modelled with a high level of superposition between the experimental and fitted data, using a parallel combination of circuit elements, which is an unconventional one.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app14135754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T11:33:53Z","timestamp":1719920033000},"page":"5754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["A Review of Impedance Spectroscopy Technique: Applications, Modelling, and Case Study of Relative Humidity Sensors Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Georgenes M. G.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the Sert\u00e3o Pernambucano, Petrolina 56314-520, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5539-9766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Faia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE\u2014Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Coimbra, FCTUC, Polo 2, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6402-5130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia R.","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE\u2014Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Coimbra, FCTUC, Polo 2, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6302-2368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evando S.","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Electrospinning and Nanotechnology Applications, Department of Materials Science, Federal University of S\u00e3o Francisco Valley, Juazeiro 48902-300, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barsoukov, E., and Macdonald, J.R. 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