{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T11:15:51Z","timestamp":1762254951925,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,11]],"date-time":"2024-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte","award":["EXP_74847"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXP_74847"]}]},{"name":"Consejo Superior de Deportes","award":["EXP_74847"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXP_74847"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["EXP_74847"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXP_74847"]}]},{"name":"Integraci\u00f3n entre datos observacionales y datos provenientes de sensores externos: Evoluci\u00f3n del software LINCE PLUS y desarrollo de la aplicaci\u00f3n m\u00f3vil para la optimizaci\u00f3n del deporte y la actividad f\u00edsica beneficiosa para la salud (2023)","award":["EXP_74847"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXP_74847"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: the penalty kick is an action in football that decides many matches. The aim of this research was to establish the success rate of penalty kicks in Spain between the seasons 2012\/2013 and 2019\/2020 considering different key performance variables. (2) Methods: A total of 941 penalty kicks were analysed from eight seasons of the first division of the Spanish men\u2019s football league (La Liga). An observational methodology was used and, in order to obtain the results, different analytical techniques were employed: descriptive and chi square with a significance level of p &lt; 0.05. (3) Results: The effectiveness of penalty kicks was 76.7%. Most of the penalties were taken by the home team (60.9%), with a tie on the scoreboard (44.2%) and within the last 30 min of the match (41.9%). The highest success rate was observed for balls kicked to the upper side of the goal (100%), even though the highest number of penalties were taken low, to one of the two sides of the goal (57.0%). Up to 5.6% of the penalties were not kicked inside the goal. (4) Conclusions: Effectiveness does not depend on home\u2013visitor status, player laterality, score or remaining match time, studied independently. A loss of effectiveness is observed when the match scores of both teams are close and in critical moments of the match.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app14167046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T13:35:49Z","timestamp":1723556149000},"page":"7046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Analysis of Penalty Kick Performance in the Spanish Football League: A Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2569-4999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Prieto-Lage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Observational Research Group, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2036-6814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Argibay-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observational Research Group, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8219-5427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, School of Sport and Leisure, 4960-320 Melga\u00e7o, Portugal"},{"name":"Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Cidre-Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observational Research Group, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3190-7188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xoana","family":"Reguera-L\u00f3pez-de-la-Osa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Education, Physical Activity and Health Research Group (Gies10-DE3), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36208 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8071-3833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observational Research Group, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2016.11868905","article-title":"Penalty kick outcomes in UEFA club competitions (2010-2015): The roles of situational, individual and performance factors","volume":"16","author":"Almeida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2013.11868634","article-title":"Taking the goalkeeper\u2019s side in association football penalty kicks","volume":"13","author":"Tambusso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/14660970802601654","article-title":"Penalty kicks in soccer: An empirical analysis of shooting strategies and goalkeepers\u2019 preferences","volume":"10","author":"Azar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soccer Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1260\/1747-9541.10.5.815","article-title":"An Analysis of Penalty Kicks in Elite Football Post 1997","volume":"10","author":"Dalton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2020.1855052","article-title":"In-match penalty kick analysis of the 2009\/10 to 2018\/19 English Premier League competition","volume":"21","author":"Horn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.5232\/ricyde2010.01905","article-title":"Relaci\u00f3n entre eficacia, lateralidad y zona de lanzamiento del penalti en funci\u00f3n del nivel de competici\u00f3n en f\u00fatbol. (Relationship between efficacy, laterality of foot strike, and shot zone of the penalty in relation to competition level in soccer)","volume":"6","author":"Palao","year":"2010","journal-title":"RICYDE Rev. Int. Cienc. Deport."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2020.1794720","article-title":"Investigating inter-league and inter-nation variations of key determinants for penalty success across European football","volume":"20","author":"Jamil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1257\/00028280260344678","article-title":"Testing Mixed-Strategy Equilibria When Players Are Heterogeneous: The Case of Penalty Kicks in Soccer","volume":"92","author":"Chiappori","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2002.11868261","article-title":"Analysis of penalties taken in shoot-outs","volume":"2","author":"Hughes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2007.11868407","article-title":"Relationship between laterality of foot strike and shot zone on penalty efficacy in specialist penalty takers","volume":"7","author":"Palao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"166","article-title":"Technical-Tactical Patterns of the Attacker and the Goalkeeper in the Penalty Shootouts within the Spanish Football League during the 2016\u201317 Season through T-patterns and Polar Coordinates","volume":"20","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cuad. Psicol. Deport."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, J.E., Leal, M., Ferraz, R., Ribeiro, J., Cachada, J.M., Barbosa, T.M., Monteiro, A.M., and Forte, P. (2021). Effects of match location, quality of opposition and match outcome on match running performance in a portuguese professional football team. Entropy, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/e23080973"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2019.1618568","article-title":"The creation of goal scoring opportunities in professional soccer. Tactical differences between Spanish La Liga, English Premier League, German Bundesliga and Italian Serie A","volume":"19","author":"Mitrotasios","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2013.11868688","article-title":"English Premier League, Spai\u0144s La Liga and Ital\u00fds Seri\u00e9s A\u2014What\u2019s Different?","volume":"13","author":"Sarmento","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2019.1661613","article-title":"Analysis of goals in the English Premier League","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"9","article-title":"Guidelines for designing and conducting a study that applies observational methodology","volume":"48","author":"Anguera","year":"2018","journal-title":"UB J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"63","article-title":"Observational designs: Their suitability and application in sports psychology","volume":"11","author":"Anguera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cuad. Psicol. Deport."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1565186","article-title":"Ethical Standards in Sport and Exercise Science Research: 2016 Update","volume":"36","author":"Harriss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2002). American Psychological Association Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Am. Psychol., 57, 1060\u20131073.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0003-066X.57.12.1060"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2012.06.320","article-title":"Lince: Multiplatform sport analysis software","volume":"46","author":"Gabin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Ivanskiy, A. InStat Scout video platform [Software] 2007."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"O\u00f1ate, E., Garc\u00eda-Sicilia, F., and Ramallo, L. (2000). Evaluaci\u00f3n de la calidad en el registro del comportamiento: Aplicaci\u00f3n a deportes de equipo [Quality evaluation in the behavior register: Application to team sports]. M\u00e9todos Num\u00e9ricos en Ciencias Sociales [Numerical Methods in Social Sciences], Centro Internacional de M\u00e9todos Num\u00e9ricos en Ingenier\u00eda."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1037\/h0026256","article-title":"Weighted kappa: Nominal scale agreement with provision for scaled disagreement of partial credit","volume":"70","author":"Cohen","year":"1968","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2020.113052","article-title":"Injury patterns of professional footballers in the Spanish first division during the 2017\u20132018 seasons","volume":"224","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argibay-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.C., V\u00e1zquez-Est\u00e9vez, C., Guti\u00e9rrez-Santiago, A., Param\u00e9s-Gonz\u00e1lez, A., Reguera-L\u00f3pez-de-la-Osa, X., and Prieto-Lage, I. (2022). Analysis of Injury Patterns in Men\u2019s Football between the English League and the Spanish League. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811296"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"279","article-title":"Evaluating the ability of goalkeepers in English Premier League football","volume":"10","author":"Gelade","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Quant. Anal. Sport."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410600624020","article-title":"Kicks from the penalty mark in soccer: The roles of stress, skill, and fatigue for kick outcomes","volume":"25","author":"Jordet","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-937X.00249","article-title":"Professionals play minimax","volume":"70","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/0264041031000070840","article-title":"Dynamics of visual feedback in a laboratory simulation of a penalty kick","volume":"21","author":"Morya","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1177\/1747954120980111","article-title":"The effect of the Video Assistant Referee on referee\u2019s decisions in the Spanish LaLiga","volume":"16","author":"Pollard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/17461390902829242","article-title":"Evaluation of pre-game hydration status, heat stress, and fluid balance during professional soccer competition in the heat","volume":"9","author":"Barrenechea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1080\/0264041031000071182","article-title":"Match performance of high-standard soccer players with special reference to development of fatigue","volume":"21","author":"Mohr","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/1527002510371194","article-title":"General ability and specialization: Evidence from penalty kicks in soccer","volume":"12","author":"Baumann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sports Econom."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1177\/1527002516656729","article-title":"Further Field Evidence for Minimax Play","volume":"19","author":"Dohmen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sports Econom."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2005.12.004","article-title":"Do professionals choke under pressure?","volume":"65","author":"Dohmen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Econ. Behav. Organ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/17479541221075722","article-title":"Multifactorial analysis of football penalty kicks in the Portuguese First League: A replication study","volume":"18","author":"Almeida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navia, J.A., van der Kamp, J., Avil\u00e9s, C., and Aceituno, J. (2019). Self-Control in Aiming Supports Coping With Psychological Pressure in Soccer Penalty Kicks. Front. Psychol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01438"}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/14\/16\/7046\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:34:57Z","timestamp":1760110497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/14\/16\/7046"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,11]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["app14167046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app14167046","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3417"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,11]]}}}