{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T14:18:07Z","timestamp":1777904287299,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":316,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04524\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04524\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FITEC-Programa Interface","award":["UIDB\/04524\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04524\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smart cities and information and communications technology is a rapidly growing field in both research and real-world implementation, but it is one that is still new and with many different ideas. Unfortunately, there is less cooperation and knowledge sharing across the field, and research often fails to move into real-world applications, which holds it back from becoming fully realized. This paper aims to provide an overview of the current state of smart cities, its definitions, technologies, and technical dimensions, from architectural design to standards and data handling, and how they are handled in the real world and its impact on society. Additionally, it examines important smart city projects, their applications, and ranking systems. This text aims to forecast the future of the field, its impact, the challenges it faces, and what should be addressed to help it reach its full potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app14177823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T12:22:33Z","timestamp":1725366153000},"page":"7823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Comprehensive Survey on the Societal Aspects of Smart Cities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6618-6376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Bastos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Communications Research Centre, School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2353-369X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Communications Research Centre, School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3801-7249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelson Pacheco","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronics and Telematics Engineering of Aveiro, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8211-0398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Caballero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sistemas Inform\u00e1ticos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5062-1241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Communications Research Centre, School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"INOV INESC INOVA\u00c7\u00c3O, Institute of New Technologies\u2014Leiria Office, Apartado 4163, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cugurullo, F. 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