{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T19:39:17Z","timestamp":1777405157711,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CAPES","award":["88881.933644\/2024-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.933644\/2024-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) process was investigated to enhance the adhesion of AA2024-O aluminum alloy with a polyetherimide (PEI) matrix composite, using oxy-fuel welding (OFW). A Central Composite Design (CCD) statistical model was used to optimize three independent parameters in PEO: immersion time (s), duty cycle (%), and electrolyte concentration (Na2B4O7\u00b710H2O), aiming to achieve a maximum value of shear strength of the hybrid joint (in MPa). The hybrid joint without PEO treatment presented a resistance of 2.2 MPa while the best condition presented a resistance of 9.5 MPa, resulting in a value 4\u00d7 higher than the untreated material, due to the characteristics of the coating, which presented a more hydrophilic surface, allowing better mechanical interlocking with the polymer matrix and resulting in mixed-mode failure (adhesive, cohesive, and light fiber). In addition to improving adhesion, the PEO treatment provided better corrosion resistance to the alloy, forming an inert aluminum oxide (Al2O3) coating, with an improvement of approximately 99.84% compared to the untreated alloy. The statistical design covers about 77.15% of the total variability of the PEO + welding process, with independent factors influencing around 48.4% of the variability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app14177972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T05:02:28Z","timestamp":1725598948000},"page":"7972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Analysis of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Process Parameters for Optimizing Adhesion in Aluminum\u2013Composite Hybrid Structures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4490-1903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael Resende","family":"Lucas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Engineering and Sciences, Guaratinguet\u00e1 12516-410, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Emanuelle Roza Rodrigues","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Engineering and Sciences, Guaratinguet\u00e1 12516-410, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds Felipe Barbosa","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Engineering and Sciences, Guaratinguet\u00e1 12516-410, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8570-4362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Jos\u00e9 Gomes","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Beatriz Ramos Moreira","family":"Abrah\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrochemistry and Corrosion Laboratory, Technological College of Pindamonhangaba (FATEC), Pindamonhangaba 12445-010, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Miguel de Omena Lucas","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Engineering and Sciences, Guaratinguet\u00e1 12516-410, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9266-0668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Rog\u00e9rio de Oliveira","family":"Hein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Engineering and Sciences, Guaratinguet\u00e1 12516-410, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Edson Cocchieri","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Engineering and Sciences, Guaratinguet\u00e1 12516-410, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Rog\u00e9rio Pinto","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Engineering and Sciences, Guaratinguet\u00e1 12516-410, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2160-0609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita de C\u00e1ssia Mendon\u00e7a","family":"Sales-Contini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Aeronautical Structures Laboratory, Technological College of S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos Prof. Jessen Vidal (FATEC), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12247-014, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2021.127898","article-title":"Adhesive bond strength of PEO coated AA6060-T6","volume":"428","author":"Shore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surf. 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