{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T02:39:38Z","timestamp":1775702378016,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UID\/Multi\/50016\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/50016\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaginal infections (VIs) are the result of the nefarious vaginal polymicrobial universe (i.e., Gardnerella vaginalis, Prevotella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Candida albicans, etc.), the inhabitants of which multiply and infect the surface of the vaginal epithelium, which serves as a scaffold for the adhesion of pathogenic poly-complexes with interactive abilities. VIs affect over 1 billion women per year and have a stunning annual relapse rate of 30%. These conditions impact women\u2019s quality of life and fertility and cause oncogenic Human Papillomavirus (HPV) persistence. VIs are typically treated with oral (i.e., Flagyl\u00ae) and localized drug tablets and creams\/gels (i.e., Clindesse\u00ae), with potential leakage from the vaginal tract upon administration leading to the failure of the treatment. This study intends to highlight polyphenols as potential therapeutic agents in terms of their benefits and limitations and suggest strategies to increase their effectiveness. Polyphenols are natural compounds rich in phenolic structures which have an impact on this type of pathology and deserve the utmost attention from researchers. Natural polyphenols have several advantages: renewability, biodegradability, low environmental impact, biocompatibility, application versatility, bioactive properties, and the potential for sustainable applications. These compounds, formulated in advanced delivery systems, may natively exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. The main objective of this review is to highlight the importance of researching new and effective formulations to prevent and treat VIs based on natural, controlled, and sustainable systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app14209203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T11:34:36Z","timestamp":1728560076000},"page":"9203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Endowed Polyphenols in Advanced Delivery Systems for Vaginal Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2425-2259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Apolin\u00e1rio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1870-1152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Leonor","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0760-3184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Pintado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9483-5225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1805-144X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Baptista-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4665-1098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Paola, M., Sani, C., Clemente, A.M., Iossa, A., Perissi, E., Castronovo, G., Tanturli, M., Rivero, D., Cozzolino, F., and Cavalieri, D. (2017). Characterization of cervico-vaginal microbiota in women developing persistent high-risk Human Papillomavirus infection. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09842-6"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-020-0286-z","article-title":"The microbiome and gynaecological cancer development, prevention and therapy","volume":"17","author":"Ilhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.5937\/leksir1737045J","article-title":"Polyphenols extraction from plant sources","volume":"37","author":"Jovanovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lek. Sirovine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00f8raholmen, M.W., Basnet, P., Tostrup, M.J., Moueffaq, S., and \u0160kalko-Basnet, N. (2019). Localized Therapy of Vaginal Infections and Inflammation: Liposomes-In-Hydrogel Delivery System for Polyphenols. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11020053"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2017.1313372","article-title":"Strategies for combating bacterial biofilms: A focus on anti-biofilm agents and their mechanisms of action","volume":"9","author":"Roy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.08.021","article-title":"Phenolic content, antioxidant and allelopathic activities of various extracts of Thymus numidicus Poir. organs","volume":"62","author":"Bahri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2006.01133.x","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of different Teucrium montanum L. Extracts","volume":"41","author":"Djilas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3089","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.3705","article-title":"Rapid-resolution liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry for determination and quantitation of polyphenols in grape berries","volume":"22","author":"Cavaliere","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3901","DOI":"10.1021\/jf902263n","article-title":"Identification of Flavonoid and Phenolic Antioxidants in Black Currants, Blueberries, Raspberries, Red Currants, and Cranberries","volume":"58","author":"Borges","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.02.041","article-title":"Comparison of phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential between selected edible fruits and their leaves","volume":"14","author":"Teleszko","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2012.01.005","article-title":"Effect of phenolic acids from black currant, sour cherry and walnut on grain aphid (Sitobion avenae F.) development","volume":"35","author":"Chrzanowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crop. Prot."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2016.06.004","article-title":"Polyphenolic extracts of cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) and blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) leaves as natural preservatives in meat products","volume":"59","author":"Nowak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.09.029","article-title":"Determination of chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) polyphenol components using liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry: Overall contribution to antioxidant activity","volume":"146","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.3390\/12051153","article-title":"Phenolic Compounds and Antimicrobial Activity of Olive (Olea europaea L. Cv. Cobran\u00e7osa) Leaves","volume":"12","author":"Pereira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.51847\/pKK3OdRUr2","article-title":"Influence of Vaginal Microbiota on Sexual and Reproductive Health: A Mini Review","volume":"10","author":"Don","year":"2023","journal-title":"\u00c8ntomol. Appl. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12578","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v10.i34.12578","article-title":"Influence of group B streptococcus and vaginal cleanliness on the vaginal microbiome of pregnant women","volume":"10","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holdcroft, A.M., Ireland, D.J., and Payne, M.S. (2023). The Vaginal Microbiome in Health and Disease\u2014What Role Do Common Intimate Hygiene Practices Play?. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020298"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0001722","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00017-22","article-title":"Race, the Vaginal Microbiome, and Spontaneous Preterm Birth","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-092611-150157","article-title":"Vaginal Microbiome: Rethinking Health and Disease","volume":"66","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4765","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.18.4765-4774.1998","article-title":"Impact of Culture-Independent Studies on the Emerging Phylogenetic View of Bacterial Diversity","volume":"180","author":"Hugenholtz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-013-3064-9","article-title":"The role of lactobacilli and probiotics in maintaining vaginal health","volume":"289","author":"Borges","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, P., Lu, Y., Li, R., and Chen, X. (2023). Use of probiotic lactobacilli in the treatment of vaginal infections: In vitro and in vivo investigations. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1153894"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women","volume":"108","author":"Ravel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26905-0","article-title":"Characterization of vaginal microbial communities in adult healthy women using cultivation-independent methods","volume":"150","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"WHO (2024, September 08). Women of Reproductive Age (15\u201349 Years) Population (Thousands). n. d. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/indicator-metadata-registry\/imr-details\/women-of-reproductive-age-(15-49-years)-population-(thousands)."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mujuzi, H., Siya, A., and Wambi, R. (2023). Infectious vaginitis among women seeking reproductive health services at a sexual and reproductive health facility in Kampala, Uganda. BMC Women\u2019s Health, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02835-w"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miko, E., and Barakonyi, A. (2023). The Role of Hydrogen-Peroxide (H2O2) Produced by Vaginal Microbiota in Female Reproductive Health. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12051055"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.06.026","article-title":"Treatments of trimethylaminuria: Where we are and where we might be heading","volume":"25","author":"Schmidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.51.1.349","article-title":"Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"51","author":"Sobel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)30496-5","article-title":"Vaginal Infections in Adult Women","volume":"74","author":"Sobel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)80001-X","article-title":"Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations","volume":"178","author":"Sobel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6195712","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6195712","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of vulvovaginal candidosis during pregnancy: A review","volume":"2022","author":"Disha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donders, G., Sziller, I.O., Paavonen, J., Hay, P., de Seta, F., Bohbot, J.M., Kotarski, J., Vives, J.A., Szabo, B., and Cepulien\u00e9, R. (2022). Management of recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis: Narrative review of the literature and European expert panel opinion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.934353"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.06.067","article-title":"Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"214","author":"Sobel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s12281-021-00415-9","article-title":"Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: Epidemiology and Risk Factors, Pathogenesis, Resistance, and New Therapeutic Options","volume":"15","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Fungal Infect Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(01)02094-7","article-title":"Virulence factors of Candida albicans","volume":"9","author":"Calderone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Willems, H.M.E., Sansevere, E.A., Allert, S., Barker, K.S., Lowes, D.J., Dixson, A.C., Xu, Z., Miao, J., and DeJarnette, C. (2021). A variant ECE1 allele contributes to reduced pathogenicity of Candida albicans during vulvovaginal candidiasis. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009884"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106037","article-title":"The bacterial communities in vagina of different Candida species-associated vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"177","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"3","article-title":"Candidal Vaginitis: Natural History, Predisposing Factors and Prevention","volume":"70","author":"Morton","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2006.44.2.101","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis and trichomoniasis in the Republic of Korea","volume":"44","author":"Ryu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1086\/511144","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis infection in male sexual partners: Implications for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention","volume":"44","author":"Sena","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03420040109029","article-title":"Clinical Manifestations of Vaginal Trichomoniasis","volume":"261","year":"1989","journal-title":"JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.300","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological aspects of Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"11","author":"Petrin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.174.2.311","article-title":"The regulation by iron of the synthesis of adhesins and cytoadherence levels in the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"174","author":"Lehker","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e240058","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760240058","article-title":"Endocytosis in anaerobic parasitic protists","volume":"119","author":"Benchimol","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1155\/2005\/373920","article-title":"The laboratory diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"16","author":"Garber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez-Escribano, A., and Nogal-Ruiz, J.J. (2024). The Past, Present, and Future in the Diagnosis of a Neglected Sexually Transmitted Infection: Trichomoniasis. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202312.1825.v2"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1159\/000314013","article-title":"Management of Aerobic Vaginitis","volume":"70","author":"Tempera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Investig."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2017.04.004","article-title":"Aerobic vaginitis: No longer a stranger","volume":"168","author":"Donders","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2011.03020.x","article-title":"Aerobic vaginitis in pregnancy","volume":"118","author":"Donders","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., Zhang, S., Li, H., Shen, L., Dong, C., Sun, Y., Chen, H., Xu, B., Zhuang, W., and Deighton, M. (2020). Biofilm Formation of Candida albicans Facilitates Fungal Infiltration and Persister Cell Formation in Vaginal Candidiasis. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01117"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv338","article-title":"Influence of biofilm formation by Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobes on bacterial vaginosis","volume":"212","author":"Machado","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ353","article-title":"Biofilms: An Underappreciated Mechanism of Treatment Failure and Recurrence in Vaginal Infections","volume":"61","author":"Muzny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, S., Gupta, A., Upadhye, V., Singh, S.C., Sinha, R.P., and H\u00e4der, D.-P. (2023). Therapeutic Strategies against Biofilm Infections. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13010172"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.231","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections across age groups","volume":"219","author":"Chu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.06.008","article-title":"New strategies for local treatment of vaginal infections","volume":"92","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(02)00430-4","article-title":"Effect of temperature and pH on contraceptive gel viscosity","volume":"67","author":"Owen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2010.07.004","article-title":"Formulation of mucoadhesive vaginal hydrogels insensitive to dilution with vaginal fluids","volume":"76","author":"Bouchemal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21192","article-title":"Effects of Physiological Fluids on Physical-Chemical Characteristics and Activity of Topical Vaginal Microbicide Products","volume":"97","author":"Sassi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"5","article-title":"Treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis: A review of the literature","volume":"24","author":"Dovnik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol. Alp. Pannonica Adriat"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12554","article-title":"Clotrimazole as a pharmaceutical: Past, present and future","volume":"117","author":"Crowley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195001","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2023.2195001","article-title":"Miconazole for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. In vitro, in vivo and clinical results. Review of the literature","volume":"43","author":"Regidor","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-197509060-00002","article-title":"Miconazole: A review of its antifungal activity and therapeutic efficacy","volume":"9","author":"Sawyer","year":"1975","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2015.1035255","article-title":"Metronidazole for the treatment of vaginal infections","volume":"16","author":"Sobel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.783-793.2004","article-title":"Treatment of infections caused by metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"17","author":"Cudmore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.16.5.743","article-title":"Tinidazole for the treatment of vaginal infections","volume":"16","author":"Nailor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S3777","article-title":"Guidelines for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: Focus on tinidazole","volume":"5","author":"Dickey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ933","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"62","author":"Pappas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suchodolski, J., Muraszko, J., Bernat, P., and Krasowska, A. (2021). Lactate Like Fluconazole Reduces Ergosterol Content in the Plasma Membrane and Synergistically Kills Candida albicans. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105219"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"270","article-title":"Butoconazole and miconazole in treating vaginal candidiasis","volume":"61","author":"Bradbeer","year":"1985","journal-title":"Genitourin. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"e269","article-title":"Treatment of recurrent vulvo-vaginal candidiasis with sustained-released butoconazole pessary","volume":"53","author":"Heng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Singapore Med. J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2015.07.018","article-title":"Bioadhesive vaginal drug delivery of nystatin using a derivatized polymer: Development and characterization","volume":"96","author":"Bassi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-010-9304-z","article-title":"Effect of membrane structure on the action of polyenes: I. Nystatin action in cholesterol- and ergosterol-containing membranes","volume":"237","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8545(21)00369-7","article-title":"CLINDAMYCIN","volume":"19","author":"Soper","year":"1992","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"22","article-title":"Current indications for the use of clindamycin: A critical review","volume":"9","author":"Smieja","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1155\/S1064744998000386","article-title":"Boric acid vaginal suppositories: A brief review","volume":"6","author":"Prutting","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053343","article-title":"Intravaginal boric acid: Is it an alternative therapeutic option for vaginal trichomoniasis?","volume":"94","author":"Thorley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-015-0477-6","article-title":"Selecting anti-microbial treatment of aerobic vaginitis","volume":"17","author":"Donders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02618437","article-title":"Growth of mouse vaginal epithelial cells in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Flaxman","year":"1973","journal-title":"In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2005.07.004","article-title":"The use of mucoadhesive polymers in vaginal delivery","volume":"57","author":"Valenta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2174\/187221109789105658","article-title":"Mucoadhesive Vaginal Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"3","author":"Acarturk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Recent Patents Drug Deliv. Formul."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-021-00897-9","article-title":"Vaginal colonization with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria among women in labor in central Uganda: Prevalence and associated factors","volume":"10","author":"Tumuhamye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.10.020","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in microbes: History, mechanisms, therapeutic strategies and future prospects","volume":"14","author":"Uddin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1039\/c2np20035j","article-title":"Plants as sources of new antimicrobials and resistance-modifying agents","volume":"29","author":"Abreu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-010-0849-8","article-title":"Do we need new antibiotics? The search for new targets and new compounds","volume":"37","author":"Demain","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"368","article-title":"Increased multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli from hospitals in Khartoum state, Sudan","volume":"12","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.63.259","article-title":"Antimicrobial agent resistance in bacterial isolates from patients with diarrhea and urinary tract infection in the Sudan","volume":"63","author":"Ahmed","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.2174\/138955709788681582","article-title":"A New Strategy to Destroy Antibiotic Resistant Microorganisms: Antimicrobial Photodynamic Treatment","volume":"9","author":"Maisch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mini-Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2008.07.007","article-title":"The evolution of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"8","author":"Deurenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.05.033","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance associated with the treatment of bacterial vaginosis","volume":"191","author":"Beigi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2016.1220393","article-title":"Natural polyphenols: An overview","volume":"20","author":"Abbas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Othman, L., Sleiman, A., and Abdel-Massih, R.M. (2019). Antimicrobial Activity of Polyphenols and Alkaloids in Middle Eastern Plants. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00911"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1007\/s12231-011-9171-2","article-title":"The discovery of medicines from plants: A current biological perspective1","volume":"65","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Econ. Bot."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2018.09.003","article-title":"Polyphenol composition and antimicrobial activity of various solvent extracts from different plant parts of Moringa oleifera","volume":"26","author":"Prabakaran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., and Zhang, T. (2019). Antimicrobial Activities of Tea Polyphenol on Phytopathogens: A Review. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24040816"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760500473834","article-title":"Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of rosemary extracts linked to their polyphenol composition","volume":"40","author":"Moreno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"and Maurya, P.K. (2022). Health Benefits of Quercetin in Age-Related Diseases. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27082498"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7309","article-title":"Quercetin and its derivates as antiviral potentials: A comprehensive review","volume":"36","author":"Fais","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.L.A., and Bhattacharya, D. (2022). Antimicrobial Activity of Quercetin: An Approach to Its Mechanistic Principle. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27082494"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giordani, B., Basnet, P., Mishchenko, E., Luppi, B., and \u0160kalko-Basnet, N. (2019). Utilizing Liposomal Quercetin and Gallic Acid in Localized Treatment of Vaginal Candida Infections. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12010009"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-17-214","article-title":"Bacteriostatic Effect of Quercetin as an Antibiotic Alternative In Vivo and Its Antibacterial Mechanism In Vitro","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12865","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b00077","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of a New Class of Phosphorylated and Modified Flavonoids","volume":"4","author":"Osonga","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"5358","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of quercetin on oral infectious pathogens","volume":"5","author":"Shu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"867","article-title":"Anticomplement and Antimicrobial Activities of Flavonoids from Entada phaseoloides","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaisinghani, R.N. (2017). Antibacterial properties of quercetin. Microbiol. Res., 8.","DOI":"10.4081\/mr.2017.6877"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"75","article-title":"The antifungal effect of six commercial extracts of Chilean propolis on Candida spp.","volume":"37","author":"Herrera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cienc. E Investig. Agrar."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2018.176","article-title":"Resveratrol: Twenty Years of Growth, Development and Controversy","volume":"27","author":"Pezzuto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alesci, A., Nicosia, N., Fumia, A., Giorgianni, F., Santini, A., and Cicero, N. (2022). Resveratrol and Immune Cells: A Link to Improve Human Health. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27020424"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gowd, V., Jori, C., Chaudhary, A.A., Rudayni, H.A., Rashid, S., and Khan, R. (2022). Resveratrol and resveratrol nano-delivery systems in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. J. Nutr. Biochem., 109.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2022.109101"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837042","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/837042","article-title":"Properties of Resveratrol: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies about Metabolism, Bioavailability, and Biological Effects in Animal Models and Humans","volume":"2015","author":"Gambini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00f8raholmen, M.W., Johannessen, M., Gravningen, K., Puolakkainen, M., Acharya, G., Basnet, P., and \u0160kalko-Basnet, N. (2020). Liposomes-In-Hydrogel Delivery System Enhances the Potential of Resveratrol in Combating Vaginal Chlamydia Infection. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12121203"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12422","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2101428","article-title":"Effects and mechanisms of resveratrol for prevention and management of cancers: An updated review","volume":"63","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5297.218","article-title":"Cancer Chemopreventive Activity of Resveratrol, a Natural Product Derived from Grapes","volume":"275","author":"Jang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.06.028","article-title":"Resveratrol: An overview of its anti-cancer mechanisms","volume":"207","author":"Elshaer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1263597","article-title":"Resveratrol as an anti-cancer agent: A review","volume":"58","author":"Rauf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2021.05.001","article-title":"Resveratrol for cancer therapy: Challenges and future perspectives","volume":"515","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2019.02.015","article-title":"Antibacterial and antifungal properties of resveratrol","volume":"53","author":"Vestergaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02977758","article-title":"Fungicidal Effect of Resveratrol on Human Infectious Fungi","volume":"28","author":"Jung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(01)00886-3","article-title":"Antimicrobial effect of resveratrol on dermatophytes and bacterial pathogens of the skin","volume":"63","author":"Chan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/47.2.243","article-title":"Resveratrol selectively inhibits Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis","volume":"47","author":"Docherty","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-010-0325-7","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity and effects of resveratrol on human pathogenic bacteria","volume":"26","author":"Paulo","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.10.3133-3141.2002","article-title":"Multidrug Pump Inhibitors Uncover Remarkable Activity of Plant Antimicrobials","volume":"46","author":"Tegos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wianowska, D., and Olszowy-Tomczyk, M. (2023). A Concise Profile of Gallic Acid\u2014From Its Natural Sources through Biological Properties and Chemical Methods of Determination. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031186"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, J., Zhang, Y., Tang, C., Hou, Y., Ai, X., Chen, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., and Meng, X. (2021). Gallic acid: Pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation-related diseases. Biomed. Pharmacother., 133.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110985"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-023-00735-7","article-title":"Neurobiological effects of gallic acid: Current perspectives","volume":"18","author":"Bhuia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin Med."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"1934578X1987417","article-title":"A Role of Gallic Acid in Oxidative Damage Diseases: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2016.07.020","article-title":"Antimicrobial effect of synergistic interaction between UV-A light and gallic acid against Escherichia coli O157:H7 in fresh produce wash water and biofilm","volume":"37","author":"Cossu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2005.10.010","article-title":"Structure\u2013activity relationship analysis of antioxidant ability and neuroprotective effect of gallic acid derivatives","volume":"48","author":"Lu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.11.026","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of gallic acid against food-related Pseudomonas strains and its use as biocontrol tool to improve the shelf life of fresh black truffles","volume":"266","author":"Sorrentino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2012.0244","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity and Mode of Action of Ferulic and Gallic Acids Against Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"19","author":"Borges","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.6.556","article-title":"Activity and interactions of antibiotic and phytochemical combinations against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Jayaraman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M1299","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.12902","article-title":"Inhibition of Gallic Acid on the Growth and Biofilm Formation of Escherichia coli and Streptococcus mutans","volume":"80","author":"Shao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robles, H. (2014). Tannic Acid. Encyclopedia of Toxicology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-386454-3.00542-X"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2005.02.016","article-title":"The antioxidant effect of tannic acid on the in vitro copper-mediated formation of free radicals","volume":"437","author":"Andrade","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3109\/10520298509113916","article-title":"Tannic Acid in Histology: An Historical Perspective","volume":"60","author":"Chaplin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Stain. Technol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaczmarek, B. (2020). Tannic Acid with Antiviral and Antibacterial Activity as A Promising Component of Biomaterials\u2014A Minireview. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13143224"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.05.060","article-title":"Enhanced antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity of tannic acid by thermal processing","volume":"118","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2017.1366485","article-title":"Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of tannic acid against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"32","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2013.788692","article-title":"Anti-biofilm activities of quercetin and tannic acid against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreira, L.E.A., de Farias Cabral, V.P., Rodrigues, D.S., Barbosa, A.D., Silveira, M.J.C.B., Coutinho, T.D.N.P., Barbosa, S.A., S\u00e1, L.G.D.A.V., de Andrade Neto, J.B., and da Rocha, S.N.C. (2024). Antifungal activity of tannic acid against Candida spp. and its mechanism of action. Braz. J. Microbiol., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-024-01477-w"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(99)00117-8","article-title":"Polyphenol tannic acid inhibits hydroxyl radical formation from Fenton reaction by complexing ferrous ions","volume":"1472","author":"Lopes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"56","article-title":"Protective effect of epicatechin in diabetic-induced peripheral neuropathy: A review","volume":"13","author":"Dash","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-021-02640-0","article-title":"(\u2212)-Epicatechin and cardiometabolic risk factors: A focus on potential mechanisms of action","volume":"474","author":"Hid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.10.021","article-title":"Biological functions of epicatechin: Plant cell to human cell health","volume":"52","author":"Prakash","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"de Oliveira, M.R. (2021). Catechins, neuroprotection, and brain mitochondria. Mitochondrial Physiology and Vegetal Molecules: Therapeutic Potential of Natural Compounds on Mitochondrial Health, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2018.01.009","article-title":"Biological activities of (\u2212)-epicatechin and (\u2212)-epicatechin-containing foods: Focus on cardiovascular and neuropsychological health","volume":"36","author":"Bernatova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"435","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of Emblica officinalis, Saraca indica and Terminalia arjuna against Multi-Drug Resistant MDR Bacterial Pathogens","volume":"39","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hacet. J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-835860","article-title":"Catechin Gallates Inhibit Multidrug Resistance (MDR) in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"70","author":"Gibbons","year":"2004","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.6.1968-1973.2004","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-Gallate Enhances the Activity of Tetracycline in Staphylococci by Inhibiting Its Efflux from Bacterial Cells","volume":"48","author":"Roccaro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2021.12.013","article-title":"Health promoting activities and corresponding mechanism of (\u2013)-epicatechin-3-gallate","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_151","unstructured":"(2023, June 08). World Health Organization Antimicrobial Resistance. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antimicrobial-resistance."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romandini, A., Pani, A., Schenardi, P.A., Pattarino, G.A.C., De Giacomo, C., and Scaglione, F. (2021). Antibiotic Resistance in Pediatric Infections: Global Emerging Threats, Predicting the Near Future. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040393"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.03.025","article-title":"A review of the current evidence of fruit phenolic compounds as potential antimicrobials against pathogenic bacteria","volume":"130","author":"Lima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2021.02.003","article-title":"Polyphenols against infectious diseases: Controlled release nano-formulations","volume":"161","author":"Murthy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro, M.L., Ferreira, J.P., Pintado, M., Ramos, O.L., Borges, S., and Baptista-Silva, S. (2023). Grape By-Products in Sustainable Cosmetics: Nanoencapsulation and Market Trends. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13169168"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2017.03.002","article-title":"Amino-functionalized poloxamer 407 with both mucoadhesive and thermosensitive properties: Preparation, characterization and application in a vaginal drug delivery system","volume":"7","author":"Ci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.113870","article-title":"Multifaceted role of phyto-derived polyphenols in nanodrug delivery systems","volume":"176","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8156","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-022-4430-3","article-title":"Innovations and challenges of polyphenol-based smart drug delivery systems","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K.H., Ki, M.-R., Min, K.H., and Pack, S.P. (2023). Advanced Delivery System of Polyphenols for Effective Cancer Prevention and Therapy. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12051048"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2015.10.015","article-title":"Emulsion-based encapsulation and delivery systems for polyphenols","volume":"47","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2023.100571","article-title":"A comprehensive review of nano-delivery system for tea polyphenols: Construction, applications, and challenges","volume":"17","author":"Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2015.09.007","article-title":"Resveratrol-loaded liposomes for topical treatment of the vaginal inflammation and infections","volume":"79","author":"Acharya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125950","article-title":"Resveratrol proniosomes as a convenient nanoingredient for functional food","volume":"310","author":"Schlich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119705","article-title":"Topical nanostructured lipid carrier gel of quercetin and resveratrol: Formulation, optimization, in vitro and ex vivo study for the treatment of skin cancer","volume":"587","author":"Imran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.09.045","article-title":"Nanocarriers enhance the transdermal bioavailability of resveratrol: In-vitro and in-vivo study","volume":"148","author":"Tsai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pentek, T., Newenhouse, E., O\u2019Brien, B., and Chauhan, A.S. (2017). Development of a Topical Resveratrol Formulation for Commercial Applications Using Dendrimer Nanotechnology. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22010137"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minnelli, C., Laudadio, E., Galeazzi, R., Barucca, G., Notarstefano, V., Cantarini, M., Armeni, T., and Mobbili, G. (2020). Encapsulation of a neutral molecule into a cationic clay material: Structural insight and cytotoxicity of resveratrol\/layered double hydroxide\/BSA nanocomposites. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10010033"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2019.101369","article-title":"Resveratrol-loaded PLGA nanoparticles functionalized with red blood cell membranes as a biomimetic delivery system for prolonged circulation time","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/14\/20\/9203\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:10:41Z","timestamp":1760112641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/14\/20\/9203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"references-count":168,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["app14209203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app14209203","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]}}}