{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T14:59:35Z","timestamp":1763564375467,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]],"date-time":"2024-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"national funds through the FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020","UIDP\/04708\/2020","PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/3352\/2021","2022.00898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020","UIDP\/04708\/2020","PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/3352\/2021","2022.00898"]}]},{"name":"national funds through FCT\/ MCTES","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020","UIDP\/04708\/2020","PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/3352\/2021","2022.00898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020","UIDP\/04708\/2020","PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/3352\/2021","2022.00898"]}]},{"name":"Individual","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020","UIDP\/04708\/2020","PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/3352\/2021","2022.00898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020","UIDP\/04708\/2020","PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/3352\/2021","2022.00898"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020","UIDP\/04708\/2020","PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/3352\/2021","2022.00898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020","UIDP\/04708\/2020","PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/3352\/2021","2022.00898"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of random rail unevenness profiles on the generation of ground-borne vibrations. The random profiles are generated from a power spectral density function, assuming that the uneven rail surface is governed by a stationary Gaussian random process in space. Different proposals are employed to generate these profiles. A previously validated PiP model is used to perform a set of parametric studies, involving the dynamic simulation of a train\u2013track\u2013tunnel\u2013ground system. It was found that the number of harmonics in generating ground-borne vibrations has a residual impact on the evaluated vibration levels. The main differences observed, although not significant, are attributed to the stochastic nature of the rail unevenness profile. More critically, it is important to highlight that different existing approaches for generating the PSD function have a pronounced impact on the evaluated vibration levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app14209312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T03:49:34Z","timestamp":1729136974000},"page":"9312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Influence of Rail Unevenness Profile on the Generation of Ground Vibrations by Railway Traffic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2224-8977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aires","family":"Cola\u00e7o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-FEUP, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Alves Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-FEUP, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2594-5804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed F. M.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lombaert, G., Degrande, G., Fran\u00e7ois, S., and Thompson, D.J. (2015). Ground-borne vibration due to railway traffic: A review of excitation mechanisms, prediction methods and mitigation measures. Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, Springer.","key":"ref_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-44832-8_33"},{"unstructured":"Thompson, D. (2008). Railway Noise and Vibration. 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Mechanical Vibration and Shock\u2014Evaluation of Human Exposure to Whole-Body Vibration. Part 1: General Requirements (Standard No. ISO 2631).","key":"ref_21"}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/14\/20\/9312\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:12:20Z","timestamp":1760112740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/14\/20\/9312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["app14209312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app14209312","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3417"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]]}}}