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This \u201cvirtual organ\u201d produces hormones that influence distal organs, including the brain. With its diverse microbial composition, the gut microbiota surpasses the biochemical complexity of traditional endocrine organs, generating neurotransmitters like GABA, dopamine, and serotonin. Despite challenges in culturing gut bacteria, advances in research methodologies have elucidated their role in behaviour, metabolism, appetite, and insulin resistance. As microbial endocrinology continues to evolve, further exploration of the intricate connections between hormones and the microbiome are anticipated, highlighting hormones\u2019 pivotal role in the dynamic host\u2013microbiota relationship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app14209383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T04:42:15Z","timestamp":1729140135000},"page":"9383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Gut Microbiota as an Endocrine Organ: Unveiling Its Role in Human Physiology and Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7088-7980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara","family":"Pires","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Polifenoles (GIP-USAL), Campus Miguel de Unamuno s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5477-0703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Gonzalez-Param\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Polifenoles (GIP-USAL), Campus Miguel de Unamuno s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7224-1098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandrina A.","family":"Heleno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6801-4578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo C.","family":"Calhelha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-021-00991-6","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiome in chronic diseases: A narrative review","volume":"76","author":"Vijay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. 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