{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T11:38:47Z","timestamp":1763552327786,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq (Brazil)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["312098\/2021-9","UIDB\/04708\/2020","UIDP\/04708\/2020","2020.00828.CEECIND\/CP1590\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312098\/2021-9","UIDB\/04708\/2020","UIDP\/04708\/2020","2020.00828.CEECIND\/CP1590\/CT0004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["312098\/2021-9","UIDB\/04708\/2020","UIDP\/04708\/2020","2020.00828.CEECIND\/CP1590\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312098\/2021-9","UIDB\/04708\/2020","UIDP\/04708\/2020","2020.00828.CEECIND\/CP1590\/CT0004"]}]},{"name":"Base Funding","award":["312098\/2021-9","UIDB\/04708\/2020","UIDP\/04708\/2020","2020.00828.CEECIND\/CP1590\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312098\/2021-9","UIDB\/04708\/2020","UIDP\/04708\/2020","2020.00828.CEECIND\/CP1590\/CT0004"]}]},{"name":"Programmatic Funding","award":["312098\/2021-9","UIDB\/04708\/2020","UIDP\/04708\/2020","2020.00828.CEECIND\/CP1590\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312098\/2021-9","UIDB\/04708\/2020","UIDP\/04708\/2020","2020.00828.CEECIND\/CP1590\/CT0004"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["312098\/2021-9","UIDB\/04708\/2020","UIDP\/04708\/2020","2020.00828.CEECIND\/CP1590\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312098\/2021-9","UIDB\/04708\/2020","UIDP\/04708\/2020","2020.00828.CEECIND\/CP1590\/CT0004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With advances in technology, the generation of electrical energy through the harvesting of energies dissipated in the form of mechanical vibration, known as power harvesting, has received increasing attention in recent decades. It is undoubtedly an interesting means to power systems with low energy consumption. This research aims to evaluate an energy generation system based on the piezoelectric effect activated by mechanical excitation and develop a system capable of powering devices and sensors for temperature monitoring in a practical situation, such as in an engine room, aiming to ensure its safe operation. Two transducers subjected to vibrational excitation were evaluated, and then an energy generation system using a buck DC-DC converter circuit was assessed. The transducer was connected to the input of the board, the microcontroller to the output, and the LM35 temperature sensor along with the battery was used to ensure the circuit\u2019s autonomy. Additionally, the Attiny85 microcontroller was programmed to perform temperature monitoring tasks in a continuous low-energy-consumption mode. The obtained spectral analysis results showed a maximum generation power of 8.88 mW for the PZT-5H transducer and 3.3 mW for the P5-13B transducer. The use of LTC3588-1 increased the autonomy of the monitoring system by 64.3% and reduced the system\u2019s usage time in cases of temperature anomalies by 50%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app14209451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T04:42:15Z","timestamp":1729140135000},"page":"9451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Piezoelectric Transducers for Low-Power Systems: A Focus on Vibration Energy Harvesting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1469-7312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iusley S.","family":"Lacerda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, UFCG, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Antonio A.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, UFCG, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5493-8737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eisenhawer M.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, UFCG, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8280-6216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Senko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, UFCG, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6472-7941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andersson G.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Paraiba, UFPB, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1026-4523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o M. P. Q.","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-LFC, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1275-809X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego D. S.","family":"Diniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department, Rural Federal University of Semi-Arid, UFERSA, Cara\u00fabas 59780-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8025-8911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria J.","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agro-Industrial Management and Technology, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Bananeiras 58220-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1691-1872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio G. B.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, UFCG, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leo, D.J. (2007). Engineering Analysis of Smart Material Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470209721"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X05056681","article-title":"Comparison of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Devices for Recharging Batteries","volume":"16","author":"Sodano","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10832-007-9051-4","article-title":"Energy harvesting using piezoelectric materials: Case of random vibrations","volume":"19","author":"Lefeuvre","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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