{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T22:53:46Z","timestamp":1774479226599,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["EAPA_0001\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA_0001\/2022"]}]},{"name":"INTERREG ATLANTIC AREA PROGRAMME","award":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"]}]},{"name":"INTERREG ATLANTIC AREA PROGRAMME","award":["EAPA_0001\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA_0001\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research developed smart integrated hybrid renewable systems for small energy communities and applied them to a real system to achieve energy self-sufficiency and promote sustainable decentralized energy generation. It compares stand-alone (SA) and grid-connected (GC) configurations using a developed optimized mathematical model and data-driven optimization, with economic analysis of various renewable combinations (PV, Wind, PHS, BESS, and Grid) to search for the optimal solution. Four cases were developed: two stand-alone (SA1: PV + Wind + PHS, SA2: PV + Wind + PHS + BESS) and two grid-connected (GC1: PV + PHS + Grid, GC2: Wind + PHS + Grid). GC2 shows the most economical with stable cash flow (\u2212\u20ac123.2 annually), low CO2 costs (\u20ac367.2), and 91.7% of grid independence, requiring 125 kW of installed power. While GC options had lower initial investments (between \u20ac157k to \u20ac205k), the SA configurations provided lower levelized costs of energy (LCOE) ranging from \u20ac0.039 to \u20ac0.044\/kWh. The integration of pumped hydropower storage enhances energy independence, supporting peak loads for up to two days with a storage capacity of 2.17 MWh.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app142110052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T03:57:34Z","timestamp":1730692654000},"page":"10052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hybrid Renewable Systems for Small Energy Communities: What Is the Best Solution?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4055-4534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o S. T.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, CERIS, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8316-7778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Modesto","family":"P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Department, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6574-0857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar E.","family":"Coronado-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Hidr\u00e1ulica y Saneamiento Ambiental, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena 130001, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1447-6897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco-Javier","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agrifood and Rural Engineering Department, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8715-1180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aonghus","family":"McNabola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena M.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, CERIS, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Prima, S., Fernandes, G., Burguet, M., Ribeiro Roder, L., Giannini, V., Giadrossich, F., Lassabatere, L., and Comegna, A. 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