{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T15:11:16Z","timestamp":1772550676595,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/05183\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05183\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chewing is a sensorimotor activity that aims to prepare food for swallowing, in which saliva intervenes, moistening food particles, assisting in bolus formation, enzymatic digestion, and swallowing. This study investigated the effect of chewing carrots of different shapes on salivary secretion and protein profiles using 2-DE gel electrophoresis. Fifteen participants chewed sliced or grated carrots, or parafilm (non-food control), in a crossover design, with saliva samples collected before and after mastication. The results showed significant differences in salivation and saliva composition when chewing carrots vs. the control, with sliced carrots inducing greater changes: 37 protein spots, including amylase and immunoglobulin spots, 9 protein spots, and 1 protein spot were significantly altered after chewing sliced carrots, grated carrots, and parafilm, respectively. Mastication combined with the sensory properties of food had a greater effect on saliva secretion and salivary protein levels than mastication alone. Among carrot shapes, the results suggest that harder food textures, which require more chewing effort, lead to more pronounced changes in salivary protein profiles. These findings contribute to the understanding of how food shape and texture influence salivation and salivary proteome dynamics, with potential implications for oral digestion, food-related sensory experiences, and the personalisation of diets for individuals with a compromised chewing capacity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app142311118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T02:57:08Z","timestamp":1732849028000},"page":"11118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mastication of Carrots with Different Shapes Affects the Composition of the Salivary Proteome\u2014A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3143-4058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"P\u00e9rez-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MED (Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development) & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, University of \u00c9vora, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2523-2890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dora","family":"Boieiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HERCULES Lab\u2014Cultural Heritage Studies and Safeguard, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED (Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development) & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, University of \u00c9vora, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Carreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED (Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development) & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, University of \u00c9vora, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8301-7702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Capela e Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED (Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development) & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, University of \u00c9vora, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9370-1337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa","family":"Lamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED (Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development) & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, University of \u00c9vora, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-022-00413-4","article-title":"Interrelations between Food Form, Texture, and Matrix Influence Energy Intake and Metabolic Responses","volume":"11","author":"Forde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.01.025","article-title":"Oral physiology and mastication","volume":"89","author":"Engelen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim\u00f5es, C., Caeiro, I., Carreira, L., e Silva, F.C., and Lamy, E. (2021). How Different Snacks Produce a Distinct Effect in Salivary Protein Composition. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092403"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"9179","article-title":"Interactions between Salivary Proteins and Apple Polyphenols and the Fate of Complexes during Gastric Digestion","volume":"72","author":"Billet","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6317","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c01183","article-title":"Interactions between Salivary Proteins and Dietary Polyphenols: Potential Consequences on Gastrointestinal Digestive Events","volume":"70","author":"Morzel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12851","DOI":"10.1111\/jtxs.12851","article-title":"Impact of saliva incorporation on the rheological properties of in vitro gastric contents formulated from sour cream","volume":"55","author":"Lavoisier","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Texture Stud."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Basit, H., Tariq, M.A., and Siccardi, M.A. (2019). Anatomy, Head and Neck, Mastication Muscles, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zieli\u0144ski, G., Paj\u0105k, A., and W\u00f3jcicki, M. (2024). Global Prevalence of Sleep Bruxism and Awake Bruxism in Pediatric and Adult Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13144259"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0909-8836.2004.00105.x","article-title":"Chewing behavior and salivary secretion","volume":"112","author":"Engelen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1985.sp015726","article-title":"The possible relation between mastication and parotid secretion in the rabbit","volume":"364","author":"Anderson","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tournier, C., and Forde, C.G. (2024). Food oral processing and eating behavior from infancy to childhood: Evidence on the role of food texture in the development of healthy eating behavior. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2214227"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9340","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO00485B","article-title":"Independent and combined impact of texture manipulation on oral processing behaviours among faster and slower eaters","volume":"13","author":"Janani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulet-Cabero, A.-I., Torres-Gonzalez, M., Geurts, J., Rosales, A., Farhang, B., Marmonier, C., Ulleberg, E.K., Hocking, E., Neiderer, I., and Gandolfi, I. (2024). The Dairy Matrix: Its Importance, Definition, and Current Application in the Context of Nutrition and Health. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16172908"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.114051","article-title":"The effects of carrot shape and oral processing behaviour on bolus properties and \u03b2-carotene bioaccessibility of raw carrots","volume":"179","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900039","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201900039","article-title":"Effect of Chewing on the Expression of Salivary Protein Composition: A Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Almotairy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proteom.\u2014Clin. Appl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carreira, L., Castelo, P.M., Sim\u00f5es, C., e Silva, F.C., Viegas, C., and Lamy, E. (2020). Changes in Salivary Proteome in Response to Bread Odour. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041002"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Jim\u00e9nez, M., Esteban-Fern\u00e1ndez, A., Mu\u00f1oz-Gonz\u00e1lez, C., and Pozo-Bay\u00f3n, M.A. (2020). Interactions among Odorants, Phenolic Compounds, and Oral Components and Their Effects on Wine Aroma Volatility. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25071701"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.01.152","article-title":"Individual Differences and Effect of Phenolic Compounds in the Im-mediate and Prolonged in-Mouth Aroma Release and Retronasal Aroma Intensity During Wine Tasting","volume":"285","author":"Chaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamy, E., Torregrossa, A.-M., Castelo, P.M., and Capela e Silva, F. (2020). Saliva in Ingestive Behavior Research: Association with Oral Sensory Perception and Food Intake. Saliva in Health and Disease: The Present and Future of a Unique Sample for Diagnosis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-37681-9_2"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12340","article-title":"Sensory influences on food intake control: Moving beyond palatability","volume":"17","author":"McCrickerd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"287","article-title":"Sample Size of 12 Per Group Rule of Thumb for a Pilot Study","volume":"4","author":"Julious","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharm. Stat. J. Appl. Stat. Pharm. Ind."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-015-0434-8","article-title":"Changes in the salivary protein profile of morbidly obese women either previously subjected to bariatric surgery or not","volume":"71","author":"Lamy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12275","DOI":"10.1111\/joss.12275","article-title":"Relationship between Saliva Protein Composition and 6-N-Propylthiouracil Bitter Taste Responsiveness in Young Adults","volume":"32","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sens. Stud."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0289-5","article-title":"Comparison of salivary proteome of children with different sensitivities for bitter and sweet tastes: Association with body mass index","volume":"43","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389208","DOI":"10.1080\/16546628.2017.1389208","article-title":"Salivary proteome and glucose levels are related with sweet taste sensitivity in young adults","volume":"61","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4597","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200401316","article-title":"Ms Characterization of Multiple Forms of Alpha-Amylase in Human Saliva","volume":"5","author":"Hirtz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(90)90131-M","article-title":"Mastication and its influence on human salivary flow and alpha-amylase secretion","volume":"47","author":"Mackie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.job.2022.03.006","article-title":"Responses of salivary glands to intake of soft diet","volume":"64","author":"Takahashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oral Biosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345870660022201","article-title":"Periodontal Mechanoreceptors and Parotid Secretion in Animals and Man","volume":"66","author":"Anderson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hector, M. (1999). Reflexes of Salivary Secretion. Neural Mechanisms of Salivary Gland Secretion, Karger Publishers.","DOI":"10.1159\/000061114"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garrett, J.R., Ekstr\u00f6m, J.R., and Anderson, L.C. (1999). Neural Mechanisms of Salivary Gland Secretion, Frontiers of Oral Biology Karger.","DOI":"10.1159\/isbn.978-3-318-00436-6"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Contreras-Aguilar, M.D., Mateo, S.V., Tecles, F., Hirtz, C., Escribano, D., and Cer\u00f3n, J.J. (2021). Changes Occurring on the Activity of Salivary Alpha-Amylase Proteoforms in Two Naturalistic Situations Using a Spectrophotometric Assay. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10030227"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadn0609","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn0609","article-title":"Reconstruction of the human amylase locus reveals ancient duplications seeding modern-day variation","volume":"386","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, Y.F., Shen, Y.Y., Zhang, M.C., Lv, M.C., Wang, T.Y., Chen, X.Q., and Lin, J. (2023). Progress in salivary glands: Endocrine glands with immune functions. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1061235"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345010800031201","article-title":"Chewing Stimulates Secretion of Human Salivary Secretory Immunoglobulin A","volume":"80","author":"Proctor","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"158","article-title":"Effect Oftaste and Smell, on Secretion Rate of Salivary Iga in Elderly and Young Persons","volume":"3","author":"Schiffman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(02)52010-9","article-title":"Neural Control of Salivary S-1ga Secretion","volume":"52","author":"Proctor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2019.100014","article-title":"Salivary total Immunoglobulin G as a surrogate marker of oral immune activity in salivary bioscience research","volume":"1","author":"Riis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun.\u2014Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandtzaeg, P. (2013). Secretory immunity with special reference to the oral cavity. J. Oral Microbiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3402\/jom.v5i0.20401"}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/14\/23\/11118\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:42:06Z","timestamp":1760114526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/14\/23\/11118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["app142311118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app142311118","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]}}}