{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T08:33:22Z","timestamp":1761294802505,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:Running is one of the simplest and most popular forms of exercise. Biomechanical evaluation of running is one of the elements of evaluating running technique and, consequently, improving sports performance. Running uphill and downhill is one of the components of daily running but also an element of training used by recreational runners. The aim of this study is to optimize running training and minimize the risk of injury by identifying changes in the spatiotemporal structure of running at different inclinations. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. The protocol has been registered on the international platform INPLASY under the number INPLASY202430094U2. The search was conducted up to 30 March 2024 using the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Results: Spatiotemporal parameters were most frequently analyzed at 2.8\u20133.35 m\/s velocities and inclinations in the range of \u221211% to 11%. Decreases in stride length (SL) and flight time (FT), and increases in step frequency (SF) were the most frequently reported changes from all parameters analyzed as a function of inclination and velocity. Significant increases or decreases in individual parameters were more often observed for positive inclination values than negative ones. Conclusions: The heterogeneous results of the study limit the possibility of determining the changes that occur in the spatiotemporal structure of the run under the impact of different inclinations. The variation in the results for negative inclination values indicates the different characteristics of running uphill and downhill. However, for uphill running, SF, SL, and FT are closely related to the increase in inclination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app142311301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T04:47:22Z","timestamp":1733287642000},"page":"11301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Change in Spatiotemporal Parameters During Running at Different Degrees of Inclination: Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2193-0974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patryk","family":"Marsza\u0142ek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2128-4116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Przednowek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8364-6832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00edntia","family":"Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Robotics and Engineering Systems, Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0825-4032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo V.","family":"Martinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9850-7771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adilson","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1495-751 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3177-6576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerson","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Providencia, Santiago 7500912, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4312-6140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Pa\u015bko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0927-692X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9lvio R\u00fabio","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Robotics and Engineering Systems, Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1495-751 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1227 Carouge, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2015.6019","article-title":"Biomechanical differences of foot-strike patterns during running: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Almeida","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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