{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T03:37:13Z","timestamp":1775705833050,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04045\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The practice of physical activity, exercise, and sports brings various benefits to the general population. However, a few intervention programs involving physical activity and sports have been specifically designed for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of implementing a sports program based on gymnastics (specifically trampolines) on the motor skills of children with ASD. The program ran from September to May 2024 (8 months duration) using the Motor Competence Assessment Battery (MCA) as an evaluation tool. It included three typically developing children and three children with ASD, all aged between 4 and 5 years. The program sessions lasted 45 min and took place twice a week. The MCA Battery was administered to assess motor skills before and after the intervention. After the intervention program, significant differences were found only between moments in the Shuttle Run test (pre-intervention \u2260 and post-intervention; Bonferroni correction: t = \u22122.00; p = 0.043; w = 0.33). Based on these results, we can conclude that practicing a sports program based on gymnastics (namely trampolines) can contribute to improving the motor skills of children with ASD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app15010373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T10:32:26Z","timestamp":1735813946000},"page":"373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Motor Competence and Sports Practice in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Pilot Study in Gymnastics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Geraldine","family":"Quito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ESECS\u2014Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1727-3537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Jacinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESECS\u2014Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-558 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8160-8007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Amaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESECS\u2014Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-558 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7179-6814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESECS\u2014Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-558 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2034-0585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESECS\u2014Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-558 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7313-532X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Diz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESECS\u2014Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-558 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8227-6878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Mira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-558 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"ISCE\u2014Polytechnic University of Lisboa and Tagus Valley, 2620-379 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5485-9430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESECS\u2014Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-558 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S64","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2022.208","article-title":"Sensory and Motor Difficulties in Autism","volume":"65","author":"Gargot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000358","article-title":"Gross Motor Impairment and Its Relation to Social Skills in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Two Meta-Analyses","volume":"148","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2017.1408708","article-title":"Influence of Physical Activity on the Health-Related Quality of Life of Young Adults with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"41","author":"Hamm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613231169058","article-title":"Effects of Physical Activity and Exercise-Based Interventions in Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review","volume":"28","author":"Shahane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1955","article-title":"The Effect of Physical Activity Interventions on Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Healy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2934","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05152-z","article-title":"Effects of Physical Exercise Interventions on Stereotyped Motor Behaviours in Children with ASD: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"52","author":"Teh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"592","article-title":"The Effect of a Trampoline-Based Training Program on the Muscle Strength of the Inferior Limbs and Motor Proficiency in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"15","author":"Esteves","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Educ. Sport."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"279","article-title":"Effects of Trampoline Exercises in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"32","author":"Sulaiman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Kurortmed."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/13668250802492600","article-title":"Characteristics of Challenging Behaviours in Adults with Autistic Disorder, PDD-NOS, and Intellectual Disability","volume":"33","author":"Matson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S282569","article-title":"Challenges Surrounding the Diagnosis of Autism in Children","volume":"17","author":"Hus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-007-0430-0","article-title":"Gross Motor Development, Movement Abnormalities, and Early Identification of Autism","volume":"38","author":"Ozonoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0101-6","article-title":"Physical Activity Patterns in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"36","author":"Pan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-0981-3","article-title":"Motor Coordination in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Synthesis and Meta-Analysis","volume":"40","author":"Fournier","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Francis, E., Hinkle, S.N., Ajjarapu, A.S., and Zhang, C. (2019). Preconception and Prenatal Nutrition and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071628"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, Q., Shen, Y., Li, Y., Luo, H., Yuan, M., and Gan, J. (2022). Prenatal Exposure to Antibiotics and Risk of Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Offspring: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1045865"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"21","article-title":"Relationship between Motor Skill and Body Mass Index in 5- to 10-Year-Old Children","volume":"26","author":"Hondt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adapt. Phys. Act. Q."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1080\/00336297.2008.10483582","article-title":"A Developmental Perspective on the Role of Motor Skill Competence in Physical Activity: An Emergent Relationship","volume":"60","author":"Stodden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Quest"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05205-3","article-title":"How Do Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Affect Motor Competence in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Compared to Typically Developing Children: A Pilot Study","volume":"52","author":"Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0351-6","article-title":"Motor Competence and Its Effect on Positive Developmental Trajectories of Health","volume":"45","author":"Robinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.03.011","article-title":"Motor Competence Assessment in Children: Convergent and Discriminant Validity between the BOT-2 Short Form and KTK Testing Batteries","volume":"35","author":"Fransen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J., and Jeong, J. (2023). Dribble Accuracy and Arm Coordination Pattern According to Motor Expertise and Tempo. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20105788"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morasso, P. (2022). A Vexing Question in Motor Control: The Degrees of Freedom Problem. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.783501"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1841405","article-title":"Global Levels of Fundamental Motor Skills in Children: A Systematic Review","volume":"39","author":"Bolger","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"291","article-title":"Validez de Constructo de La Bater\u00eda MOBAK Para La Evaluaci\u00f3n de Las Competencias Motrices B\u00e1sicas En Escolares de Educaci\u00f3n Primaria","volume":"78","author":"Herrmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Espa\u00f1ola Pedagog."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13203","article-title":"The Developmental Sequence and Relations Between Gesture and Spoken Language in Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"91","author":"Talbott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child. Dev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2012.01870.x","article-title":"Developmental Trajectories in Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorders: The First 3 Years","volume":"84","author":"Landa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child. Dev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2006.02.013","article-title":"Actions of Glucocorticoids at a Seasonal Baseline as Compared to Stress-Related Levels in the Regulation of Periodic Life Processes","volume":"148","author":"Landys","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27255","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006653117","article-title":"Life Cycle Patterns of Cognitive Performance over the Long Run","volume":"117","author":"Strittmatter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.08.007","article-title":"A Hitchhiker\u2019s Guide to Assessing Young People\u2019s Motor Competence: Deciding What Method to Use","volume":"22","author":"Bardid","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabk0231","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abk0231","article-title":"Distinct Roles for Motor Cortical and Thalamic Inputs to Striatum during Motor Skill Learning and Execution","volume":"8","author":"Wolff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"271","article-title":"The Relationship of Motor Skills and Social Communicative Skills in School-Aged Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"30","author":"MacDonald","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adapt. Phys. Act. Q."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, A. (2021). Growth, Development and Maturation. SSRN Electron. J., Available online: https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3850708.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3850708"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-009-0350-z","article-title":"Environmental Factors Affecting Preschoolers\u2019 Motor Development","volume":"37","author":"Venetsanou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Early Child. Educ. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-2143-9","article-title":"Influence of Motor Skills Training on Children\u2019s Development Evaluated in the Motor Skills in PreSchool (MiPS) Study-DK: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial, Nested in a Cohort Study","volume":"18","author":"Hestbaek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20100294","article-title":"Current Perspectives on Motor Functioning in Infants, Children, and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"91","author":"Bhat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"95","article-title":"Motor Skills and Calibrated Autism Severity in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"31","author":"MacDonald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adapt. Phys. Act. Q."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"741480","article-title":"Gait Deviations in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review","volume":"2015","author":"Kindregan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autism Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"126","article-title":"Physical Activity, Exercise, and Physical Fitness: Definitions and Distinctions for Health-Related Research","volume":"100","author":"Caspersen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-116.3.220","article-title":"Physical Activity Benefits and Needs in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities: Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"116","author":"Bartlo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Intellect. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215511407221","article-title":"Effect of Combined Exercise Training on Physical and Metabolic Fitness in Adults with Intellectual Disability: A Controlled Trial","volume":"25","author":"Calders","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stocchi, V., De Feo, P., and Hood, D.A. (2007). Techniques for Assessing the Quality of Life with a Particular Emphasis on Physical Exercise. Role of Physical Exercise in Preventing Disease and Improving the Quality of Life, Springer Milan.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-88-470-0376-7"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Examining the Effects of a 24-Week Exercise Program on Functional Capacity, Cognitive Capacity, and Quality of Life in Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities","volume":"1","author":"Jacinto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adapt. Phys. Act. Q."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.5629","article-title":"Association Between Autism Spectrum Disorders and Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"177","author":"Dhanasekara","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J., Du, C., Liu, J., and Tan, G. (2020). Meta-Analysis on Intervention Effects of Physical Activities on Children and Adolescents with Autism. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17061950"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361315616002","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Behavioural Outcomes Following Exercise Interventions for Children and Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"20","author":"Bremer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1990","DOI":"10.31661\/gmj.v11i.1990","article-title":"Treadmill Exercise Improves Stereotypical Behaviors in Autistic Rats: Treadmill Exercise Improves ASD","volume":"11","author":"Alipour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Galen. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-022-05646-4","article-title":"Brief Report: A Specialized Fitness Program for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder Benefits Physical, Behavioral, and Emotional Outcomes","volume":"54","author":"Jackson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.10.003","article-title":"Self-Efficacy toward Physical Activity and the Physical Activity Behavior of Children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder","volume":"36","author":"Batey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dillon, S.R., Adams, D., Goudy, L., Bittner, M., and McNamara, S. (2016). Evaluating Exercise as Evidence-Based Practice for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front. Public Health, 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2016.00290"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2018.01.007","article-title":"Parents\u2019 Perspectives of Physical Activity Participation among Canadian Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"48","author":"Gregor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P3.312","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.90.15_supplement.P3.312","article-title":"Social Functioning Mediates ADHD Symptomatology and Mental Health Functioning in Neurotypical Children versus Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder or Williams Syndrome (P3.312)","volume":"90","author":"Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Wang, L., Xie, S., Pan, S., Zhao, J., Zou, M., and Sun, C. (2021). Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms Impair Adaptive and Social Function in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front. Psychiatry, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.654485"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, J., Lee, M., Lee, J., Kang, D., and Choi, J.-Y. (2017). Correlates Associated with Participation in Physical Activity among Adults: A Systematic Review of Reviews and Update. BMC Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4255-2"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361316683889","article-title":"The Levels of Physical Activity and Motor Skills in Young Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder, Aged 2\u20135 Years","volume":"22","author":"Ketcheson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2010.01.006","article-title":"Physical Exercise and Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review","volume":"4","author":"Lang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.100.3c.1011-1020","article-title":"Activity-Based Intervention in Motor Skill Development","volume":"100","author":"Apache","year":"2005","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Ski."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2003.10609062","article-title":"Influence of a Motor Skill Intervention on Fundamental Motor Skill Development of Disadvantaged Preschool Children","volume":"74","author":"Branta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"302","article-title":"Teaching across the Curriculum: Language-Enriched Physical Education for Preschool Children","volume":"13","author":"Dummer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Adapt. Phys. Act. Q."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"415","article-title":"Parent-Assisted Instruction in a Motor Skill Program for At-Risk Preschool Children","volume":"16","author":"Hamilton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adapt. Phys. Act. Q."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.07.005","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Model of Motor Competence in Children and Adolescents","volume":"19","author":"Luz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.05.009","article-title":"Normative Values of the Motor Competence Assessment (MCA) from 3 to 23 Years of Age","volume":"22","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"USA Gymnastics (2011). Coaching Youth Gymnastics, Human Kinetics. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, R. (2014). Handbook of Univariate and Multivariate Data Analysis with IBM SPSS, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b15605"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Routledge. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024338","article-title":"Effect Size Estimates: Current Use, Calculations, and Interpretation","volume":"141","author":"Fritz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.11.008","article-title":"Interventions to Improve Fundamental Motor Skills in Pre-School Aged Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Broderick","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361319885215","article-title":"The Effect of Motor and Physical Activity Intervention on Motor Outcomes of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review","volume":"24","author":"Ruggeri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0238-3","article-title":"The Efficacy of a 9-Month Treadmill Walking Program on the Exercise Capacity and Weight Reduction for Adolescents with Severe Autism","volume":"37","author":"Pitetti","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"45","article-title":"Effect of Supervised Physical Exercise on Oxidative Stress in Children with Autism","volume":"46","author":"Moghadasi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Sport Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez-Manzano, S., Ruiz-Ariza, A., de Loureiro, N.E.M., and Mart\u00ednez-L\u00f3pez, E.J. (2024). Effects of Physical Activity on Cognition, Behavior, and Motor Skills in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of Intervention Studies. Behav. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14040330"}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/15\/1\/373\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:22:06Z","timestamp":1759918926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/15\/1\/373"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["app15010373"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app15010373","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]}}}