{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:48:54Z","timestamp":1760057334993,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Center for Business Sciences","award":["UIDB\/04630\/2020","UIDB\/00127\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04630\/2020","UIDB\/00127\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Electronics and In-formatics Engineering of Aveiro (IEETA)","award":["UIDB\/04630\/2020","UIDB\/00127\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04630\/2020","UIDB\/00127\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of personalized drugs introduces new uncertainties and risks in production machinery design, which can be mitigated through structured workflows. As the commonly used V-Model approach has limitations in dealing with complex multi-domain problems, it is essential to address traceability and relationships between requirements and solutions in a regulated environment to ensure product quality. This study focuses on the conceptual design phase and develops a design methodology called the Case-based Axiomatic Design Assistant (CADA) to address this type of problem. It takes, as a starting point, Axiomatic Design (AD), due to its simplicity and graphical tools for quality evaluation, and Case-Based Reasoning (CBR), due to its capacity to integrate data structures and continuously improve. This combination is put into practice through a visual assistant that utilizes a knowledge graph to represent design elements comprehensively. This article describes the development, implementation, and testing process of CADA, which includes examples of the conceptual design for pharmaceutical manufacturing. The proposed CADA method facilitates systematic requirements analysis, structured reasoning, and solution evaluation, and overcomes the limitations of previous methodologies. It represents a novel approach with an intuitive workflow and advanced graphical capabilities, exemplified in the context of a conceptual design for pharmaceutical manufacturing. The inclusion of intrinsic data labeling capabilities and inference visualization enhances its relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app15031467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T06:42:36Z","timestamp":1738305756000},"page":"1467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Case-Based Axiomatic Design Assistant (CADA): Combining Axiomatic Design and Case-Based Reasoning to Create a Design Knowledge Graph for Pharmaceutical Engineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3063-6264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"W\u00f6lfle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Pester Pac Automation GmbH, 87787 Wolfertschwenden, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0625-1279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Saur-Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superior Institute of Accounting and Business, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"NECE-UBI, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-209 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7791-1932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonor","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism (DEGEIT), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory (LASI), Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro (IEETA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1080\/09544820600664994","article-title":"Use of models in conceptual design","volume":"17","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060400001621","article-title":"Supporting conceptual design based on the function-behavior-state modeler","volume":"10","author":"Umeda","year":"1996","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2015.05.008","article-title":"Automating design with intelligent human-machine integration","volume":"64","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"CIRP Ann.-Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1006\/knac.1993.1008","article-title":"A transition approach to portable ontology specifications","volume":"5","author":"Gruber","year":"1993","journal-title":"Knowl. Acquis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(97)00056-6","article-title":"Knowledge Engineering: Principles and methods","volume":"25","author":"Studer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Data Knowl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Genesereth, M.R., and Nilsson, N.J. (1987). Logical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerhard Pahl, W.B., Feldhusen, J., and Grote, K.-J. (2006). Engineering Design\u2014A Systematic Approach, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-319-2"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/s10798-013-9239-7","article-title":"Reusing design knowledge based on design cases and knowledge map","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Technol. Des. Educ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2011.05.005","article-title":"Recent development of knowledge-based systems, methods and tools for One-of-a-Kind Production","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2007.05.013","article-title":"Using AHP and TOPSIS approaches in customer-driven product design process","volume":"59","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Rauch, E., Dallasega, P., and Matt, D.T. (2015, January 16\u201318). Axiomatic Design based Guidelines for the Design of a Lean Product Development Process. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Axiomatic Design (ICAD 2015), Florence, Italy."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"ISPE (2008). GAMP\u00ae 5: A Risk-Based Approach to Compliant GxP Computerized Systems, International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1618","article-title":"GAMP 5\/Introduction\u2014Overview","volume":"72","author":"Gottschalk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm. Ind."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Sarhadi, P., Naeem, W., Fraser, K., and Wilson, D. (2022, January 24\u201327). On the Application of Agile Project Management Techniques, V-Model and Recent Software Tools in Postgraduate Theses Supervision. Proceedings of the 13th IFAC Symposium on Advances in Control Education (ACE), Hamburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-7051(99)00042-8","article-title":"Knowledge engineering issues in developing a case-based reasoning application","volume":"12","author":"Cunningham","year":"1999","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2015.06.018","article-title":"Adaptation of the quality by design concept in early pharmaceutical development of an intranasal nanosized formulation","volume":"491","author":"Pallagi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-008-9667-3","article-title":"Pharmaceutical quality by design: Product and process development, understanding, and control","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"EMA (2024, March 14). ICH Guideline Q8 (R2) on Pharmaceutical Development. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/scientific-guideline\/international-conference-harmonisation-technical-requirements-registration-pharmaceuticals-human-use_en-11.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"FDA (2024, March 14). Guidance for Industry PAT\u2014A Framework for Innovative Pharmaceutical Development, Manufacturing, and Quality Assurance, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/71012\/download."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barenji, R.V., Akdag, Y., Yet, B., and Oner, L. (2019). Cyber-physical-based PAT (CPbPAT) framework for Pharma 4.0. Int. J. Pharm., 567.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.06.036"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Chen, J., Wang, W., and Qin, Q. (2021). Conceptual Design Evaluation Considering Confidence Based on Z-AHP-TOPSIS Method. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11167400"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1007\/s13198-022-01672-8","article-title":"Identifying and ranking risks using combined FMEA-TOPSIS method for new product development in the dairy industry and offering mitigation strategies: Case study of Ramak Company","volume":"13","author":"Sharifi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Assur. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12008-013-0187-y","article-title":"Selecting alternatives in the conceptual design phase: An application of Fuzzy-AHP and Pugh\u2019s Controlled Convergence","volume":"9","author":"Renzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.01.171","article-title":"Applications of TRIZ and Axiomatic Design: A Comparison to Deduce Best Practices in Industry","volume":"39","author":"Borgianni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2016.06.002","article-title":"Understanding TRIZ through the review of top cited publications","volume":"82","author":"Chechurin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1002\/cite.202100205","article-title":"Application of the TRIZ Contradictory Matrix to Foster Innovation for Sustainable Chemical Engineering","volume":"94","author":"Lux","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Ing. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiorineschi, L., Frillici, F.S., and Rotini, F. (2018, January 21\u201324). Supporting Systematic Conceptual Design with TRIZ. Proceedings of the DESIGN 2018 15th International Design Conference, Dubrovnik, Croatia.","DOI":"10.21278\/idc.2018.0135"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2006.11.002","article-title":"Axiomatic design as support for decision-making in a design for manufacturing context:: A case study","volume":"109","author":"Mourao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1937-5956.2005.tb00025.x","article-title":"Axiomatic based decomposition for conceptual product design","volume":"14","author":"Mullens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prod. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2836467","article-title":"Axiomatic design of mechanical systems","volume":"117","author":"Suh","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Mech. Des."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1177\/0954406217718858","article-title":"A semantic model for axiomatic systems design","volume":"232","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C J. Mech. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-8506(07)63245-4","article-title":"Manufacturing System Design","volume":"47","author":"Suh","year":"1998","journal-title":"CIRP Ann."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Arinez, J., and Cochran, D. (1999, January 24\u201326). Application of a production system design framework to equipment design. Proceedings of the 32nd CIRP International Seminar on Manufacturing Systems, Leuven, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6125(01)80059-5","article-title":"Evaluating manufacturing system design and performance using the manufacturing system design decomposition approach","volume":"20","author":"Cochran","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-8506(07)62351-8","article-title":"A Methodology for an Integrated Design and Process Planning Based on a Concurrent Engineering Reference Model","volume":"44","author":"Eversheim","year":"1995","journal-title":"CIRP Ann."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(96)00293-7","article-title":"Simultaneous engineering approach to an integrated design and process planning","volume":"100","author":"Eversheim","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2011.02.005","article-title":"Integrative development of product and production system for mechatronic products","volume":"27","author":"Gausemeier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Robot. Comput.-Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2024.04.008","article-title":"Use of the \u2018double diamond\u2019 design framework to nurture creativity in life sciences research","volume":"49","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Design Council (2024, September 01). The Double Diamond\u2014Design Council. Available online: https:\/\/www.designcouncil.org.uk\/our-resources\/the-double-diamond\/."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkerson, B., and Trellevik, L.-K.L. (2021). Sustainability-oriented innovation: Improving problem definition through combined design thinking and systems mapping approaches. Think. Ski. Creat., 42.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2021.100932"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2023.03.147","article-title":"Data-driven modelling of the functional level in model-based systems engineering\u2014Optimization of module scopes in modular development","volume":"119","author":"Wagenmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tissen, D., Wiederkehr, I., Koldewey, C., and Dumitrescu, R. (2023, January 22\u201324). Exploring data-driven model-based systems engineering: A systematic literature review. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Conference on Technology Management, Operations and Decisions (ICTMOD), Rabat, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTMOD59086.2023.10438129"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, J.W., Jing, X.W., Lu, X., Liu, J.F., Li, H.P., Cao, X.W., Du, C.X., Li, J., and Li, L. (2022). Process knowledge graph modeling techniques and application methods for ship heterogeneous models. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06940-y"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2020.2979620","article-title":"Knowledge Graph Semantic Enhancement of Input Data for Improving AI","volume":"24","author":"Bhatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bidgoli, H. (2003). Expert Systems. Encyclopedia of Information Systems, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-12-227240-4\/00126-X"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-020-00420-9","article-title":"Human-machine collaboration in online customer service\u2014A long-term feedback-based approach","volume":"31","author":"Graef","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electron. Mark."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, A.J., and Cheng, Z.J. (2024). A Review of the Development and Future Challenges of Case-Based Reasoning. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14167130"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarica, S., Han, J., and Luo, J. (2023). Design representation as semantic networks. Comput. Ind., 144.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2022.103791"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.01.089","article-title":"A risk management ontology for Quality-by-Design based on a new development approach according GAMP 5.0","volume":"39","author":"Guebitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.03.163","article-title":"Conceptual design using axiomatic design in a TRIZ framework","volume":"9","author":"Ogot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060407070199","article-title":"Ontology-based design information extraction and retrieval","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khanolkar, P.M., Vrolijk, A., and Olechowski, A. (2023). Mapping artificial intelligence-based methods to engineering design stages: A focused literature review. Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf., 37.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060423000203"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2019.12.012","article-title":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challenges toward responsible AI","volume":"58","author":"Arrieta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3542921","article-title":"What Did My AI Learn? How Data Scientists Make Sense of Model Behavior","volume":"30","author":"Cabrera","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J., Childs, P.R.N., and Luo, J. (2024). Applications of artificial intelligence and cognitive science in design. Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf., 38.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060424000052"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10347","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-022-03694-3","article-title":"Applicability of classifier to discovery knowledge for future prediction modelling","volume":"14","author":"Chauhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Smelser, N.J., and Baltes, P.B. (2001). Knowledge Representation. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Pergamon."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3233\/AIC-1994-7104","article-title":"Case-based reasoning\u2014Foundational issues, methodological variations, and system approaches","volume":"7","author":"Aamodt","year":"1994","journal-title":"AI Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"21","article-title":"Case-based reasoning: An overview","volume":"10","author":"Plaza","year":"1997","journal-title":"AI Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2023.03.086","article-title":"Digital-supported problem solving for shopfloor steering using case-based reasoning and Bayesian networks","volume":"119","author":"Meister","year":"2023","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6125(06)80007-5","article-title":"Teaching axiomatic design to engineers\u2014Theory, applications, and software","volume":"24","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060400003115","article-title":"An object-centered approach for modelling engineering design products: Combining description logic and object-oriented modelling","volume":"11","author":"Hakim","year":"1997","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L.L., Tan, R.H., Peng, Q.J., Shao, P., Dong, Y.F., and Wang, K. (2022). Construction and Application of Enterprise Knowledge Base for Product Innovation Design. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12136358"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, G.F., Liu, J.H., Zhang, Q., and Hou, Y.Z. (2023). Building a Design-Rationale-Centric Knowledge Network to Realize the Internalization of Explicit Knowledge. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13031539"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caro-Mart\u00ednez, M., Recio-Garc\u00eda, J.A., D\u00edaz-Agudo, B., Darias, J.M., Wiratunga, N., Martin, K., Wijekoon, A., Nkisi-Orji, I., Corsar, D., and Pradeep, P. (2024). iSee: A case-based reasoning platform for the design of explanation experiences. Knowl.-Based Syst., 302.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2024.112305"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schultheis, A., Zeyen, C., and Bergmann, R. (2023, January 17\u201320). An Overview and Comparison of Case-Based Reasoning Frameworks. Proceedings of the Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development, ICCBR 2023, Aberdeen, UK.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-40177-0_21"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Xie, X.W., Chen, L., Fang, H.Z., and Chen, Y.X. (2009, January 8\u201311). Research on Process Supervision and Quality Control System of Modular Pharmaceutical Production Line. Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology, Beijing, China."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/15\/3\/1467\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:24:52Z","timestamp":1760027092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/15\/3\/1467"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["app15031467"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app15031467","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3417"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]}}}