{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T18:33:01Z","timestamp":1775327581819,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]],"date-time":"2025-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) under the R&amp;D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE)","award":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) under the R&amp;D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE)","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Associate Laboratory Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems ARISE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04029\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Associate Laboratory Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems ARISE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Castle of Lanjar\u00f3n is a 16th century stronghold located in Andaluc\u00eda, Spain. After losing its military function, the castle was abandoned, leading to significant decay. Designated a national heritage site in 1985, recent efforts have sought to preserve its historical and cultural value. This study outlines an inspection and diagnosis campaign carried out on the castle. Non-destructive tests (NDTs) were employed to characterize the properties of the masonry, using both mechanical and wave-based methods. Dynamic identification was performed to determine dynamic and modal properties of the structure, which were used to develop and calibrate a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model (FEM) of the west wall, based on homogenized masonry material. Limit analysis and non-linear static (pushover) analysis under various boundary conditions were conducted to determine the maximum relative load factor in the out-of-plane direction. The results were compared to the expected peak ground acceleration (PGA) of the area, showing that the maximum load capacity of the wall exceeds local seismic demands with a safety factor of 1.39. The study highlights the efficacy of pairing a homogenized macro-modeling approach with wave-based and dynamic identification methods, particularly for resource efficiency. Finally, recommendations for future conservation efforts have been provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app15031518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T05:36:32Z","timestamp":1738560992000},"page":"1518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Field Investigation and Numerical Modeling for the Seismic Assessment of the Castle of Lanjar\u00f3n, Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hayden","family":"Luger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE, ARISE, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m s\/n, 4800-085 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1369-6209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE, ARISE, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m s\/n, 4800-085 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5034-1936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paloma","family":"Pineda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Building Structures and Geotechnical Engineering, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 2, 41012 Seville, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8459-0199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo B.","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE, ARISE, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m s\/n, 4800-085 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2010.528824","article-title":"Analysis of masonry structures without box behavior","volume":"5","author":"Mendes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Herit."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez, R., Mendes, N., and Louren\u00e7o, P.B. (2019). Diagnosis and Seismic Behavior Evaluation of the Church of S\u00e3o Miguel de Refojos (Portugal). 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