{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T03:12:57Z","timestamp":1773112377533,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and the Portuguese Ministry for Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020 + UIDB\/50017\/2020 + LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020 + UIDB\/50017\/2020 + LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and the Portuguese Ministry for Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)","award":["2022.11335.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.11335.BD"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and the Portuguese Ministry for Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)","award":["CEECIND\/01366\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01366\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020 + UIDB\/50017\/2020 + LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020 + UIDB\/50017\/2020 + LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["2022.11335.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.11335.BD"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["CEECIND\/01366\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01366\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The accelerated growth of the electrical and electronic equipment market is a major driver behind increasing e-waste volumes worldwide. Although e-waste contains valuable resources, most remain unrecycled or improperly managed. Recycling efforts primarily focus on recovering metals, while plastic constituents remain overlooked. Furthermore, current e-waste plastic recycling approaches have led to environmental contamination by hazardous materials. Recent efforts for the valorisation of e-waste plastics have demonstrated the potential applications of these materials and their role in efforts towards implementing a more sustainable plastics economy. While the environmental impact and potential strategies for recycling e-waste plastics have been recently reviewed, a thorough discussion that accounts for the environmental impact, characterisation strategies, and potential biotechnological treatment options remains lacking. Accordingly, this review addresses this gap, discussing recent developments in the e-waste plastics field. It focuses on their environmental impacts, the collection of environmental samples and their characterisation, as well as innovative approaches for valorisation through biotechnological strategies. Specifically, the discussion is centred on studies that directly use or focus on plastics derived from e-waste. While progress has been made in the characterisation of environmental contaminants and remediation\/bioprocessing strategies for this type of hazardous waste, challenges remain, including financial barriers, limited research volume compared to related fields (e.g., e-waste metals), and environmental impact and relevance concerns. This review identifies a need for increased research, interdisciplinary collaboration, and policy support to overcome these barriers and advance sustainable e-waste plastic management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app15042122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T07:48:22Z","timestamp":1739778502000},"page":"2122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["E-Waste Plastics in the Environment: Assessment, Characterisation, and Bioprocessing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5967-6468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo A.","family":"Ferreira-Filipe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3690-2957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Hursthouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4868-4099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando C.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3660-4116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Rocha-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1932-1229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana L.","family":"Patr\u00edcio Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bald\u00e9, C.P., Kuehr, R., Yamamoto, T., McDonald, R., D\u2019Angelo, E., Althaf, S., Bel, G., Deubzer, O., Fernandez-Cubillo, E., and Forti, V. 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