{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T06:05:44Z","timestamp":1776492344270,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]],"date-time":"2025-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Plan","award":["C644936001-00000045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644936001-00000045"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil stabilization is vital in construction to enhance soil strength and durability. While conventional stabilizers like cement and lime improve soil properties, they contribute to significant carbon emissions. Given their widespread use, exploring eco-friendly alternatives is crucial. This review examines rice husk ash (RHA) and lime sludge (LS) as sustainable substitutes. Previous studies have evaluated their effectiveness in stabilizing clay soil, but a more application-focused approach, along with a detailed cost and sustainability evaluation, is needed. Standard Proctor compaction, California Bearing Ratio, and unconfined compression strength tests were analyzed from the existing literature to determine the optimal ratio of these additives for maximum soil strength. The results were compared to determine the most effective quantities of RHA and LS, either separately or combined, and inferences about their influences on clay soil attributes were drawn. Additionally, comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) and cost evaluation were reviewed. Finally, it was concluded that increasing the amounts of RHA and LS and combining them enhanced the strength of clay soil. Moreover, using RHA and LS for soil stabilization proved to be a cost-effective alternative to traditional methods, providing economic and environmental advantages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app15052376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T07:46:57Z","timestamp":1740383217000},"page":"2376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Comprehensive Review on Clay Soil Stabilization Using Rice Husk Ash and Lime Sludge"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6823-7037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid Reza","family":"Manaviparast","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3600-1094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Cristelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2727-3266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IB-S\/ISISE, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4054-6860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE), Associate Laboratory Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimares, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ijtet.20170302.12","article-title":"A Review on Different Types of Soil Stabilization Techniques","volume":"3","author":"Afrin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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