{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T16:33:56Z","timestamp":1778344436835,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds (FCT\/MEC, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\/Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancia)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00631\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00631\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds (FCT\/MEC, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\/Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancia)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/00631\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00631\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds (FCT\/MEC, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\/Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancia)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/04516\/NOVA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04516\/NOVA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Di\u00e2metro Num\u00e9rico Unipessoal, Lda. (Faro, Portugal)","award":["UIDB\/00631\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00631\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Di\u00e2metro Num\u00e9rico Unipessoal, Lda. (Faro, Portugal)","award":["UIDP\/00631\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00631\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Di\u00e2metro Num\u00e9rico Unipessoal, Lda. (Faro, Portugal)","award":["UID\/04516\/NOVA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04516\/NOVA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) presents new challenges for managing parking infrastructure, particularly concerning charging station utilization and user behavior patterns. This review examines the current state-of-the-art in intelligent monitoring systems for EV charging stations in parking facilities. We specifically focus on two key inefficiencies: vehicles occupying charging spots beyond the optimal fast-charging range (80% state-of-charge) and remaining connected even after reaching full capacity (100%). We analyze the theoretical and practical foundations of these systems, summarizing existing research on intelligent monitoring architectures and commercial implementations. Building on this analysis, we also propose a novel monitoring framework that integrates Internet of things (IoT) sensors, edge computing, and cloud services to enable real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and adaptive control. This framework addresses both the technical aspects of monitoring systems and the behavioral factors influencing charging station management. Based on a comparative analysis and simulation studies, we propose performance benchmarks and outline critical research directions requiring further experimental validation. The proposed architecture aims to offer a scalable, adaptable, and secure solution for optimizing EV charging infrastructure utilization while addressing key research gaps in the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app15052741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T05:41:51Z","timestamp":1741066911000},"page":"2741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Intelligent Monitoring Systems for Electric Vehicle Charging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9360-0221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime A.","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Electronics, Optoelectronics and Telecommunications (CEOT)\/Cyber-PhysIcal Systems Research Center of Algarve (CISCA) & Institute of Engineering (ISE), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3562-6025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o M. F.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA LINCS & Institute of Engineering (ISE), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (2024, August 28). Global EV Outlook 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/global-ev-outlook-2024."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2025, January 20). World Urbanization Prospects 2018. 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