{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T22:06:00Z","timestamp":1775513160185,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences","award":["UIDB\/04565\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04565\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences","award":["UIDP\/04565\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04565\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Institute for Bioengineering and 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Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","award":["2024.03713.BDANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024.03713.BDANA"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","award":["BIM\/No16\/2022, B-B01049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIM\/No16\/2022, B-B01049"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","award":["22-CM-PT-DG-1-317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-CM-PT-DG-1-317"]}]},{"name":"Good Food Institute","award":["UIDB\/04565\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04565\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Good Food Institute","award":["UIDP\/04565\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04565\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Good Food Institute","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Good Food Institute","award":["PTDC\/EQU-EQU\/3853\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EQU-EQU\/3853\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Good Food Institute","award":["2024.03713.BDANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024.03713.BDANA"]}]},{"name":"Good Food Institute","award":["BIM\/No16\/2022, B-B01049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIM\/No16\/2022, B-B01049"]}]},{"name":"Good Food Institute","award":["22-CM-PT-DG-1-317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-CM-PT-DG-1-317"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fermentations are complex and often unpredictable processes. However, fermentation-based bioprocesses generate large volumes of data that are currently underexplored. These data can be used to develop data-driven models, such as machine learning (ML) models, to improve process predictability. Among various fermentation products, biosurfactants have emerged as promising candidates for several industrial applications. Nevertheless, the large-scale production of biosurfactants is not yet cost-effective. This study aims to develop forecasting methods for the concentration of mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs), a type of biosurfactant, produced in Moesziomyces spp. cultivation. Three ML models, neural networks (NNs), support vector machines (SVMs), and random forests (RFs), were used. An NN provided predictions with a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.69 for day 4 and 1.63 for day 7 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.58 g\/L and 1.1 g\/L, respectively. These results indicate that the model\u2019s predictions are sufficiently accurate for practical use, with the MAE showing only minor deviations from the actual concentrations. Both results are promising, as they demonstrate the possibility of obtaining reliable predictions of the MEL production on days 4 and 7 of fermentation. This, in turn, could help reduce process-related costs, enhancing its economic viability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app15073709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T04:36:48Z","timestamp":1743136608000},"page":"3709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Machine Learning Strategies for Forecasting Mannosylerythritol Lipid Production Through Fermentation: A Proof-of-Concept"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8496-7573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina A.","family":"Vares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"iBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7254-7916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia P.","family":"Agostinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"iBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es (IT), Av. Rovisco Pais 1, Torre Norte Piso 10, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1320-5024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana L. N.","family":"Fred","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es (IT), Av. Rovisco Pais 1, Torre Norte Piso 10, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4969-0028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno T.","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"iBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9645-1591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos A. V.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"iBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Cell4Food, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, R., Garg, P., Kumar, P., Bhatia, S.K., and Kulshrestha, S. (2020). Microbial fermentation and its role in quality improvement of fermented foods. Fermentation, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation6040106"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2024.101194","article-title":"Precision fermentation for food proteins: Ingredient innovations, bioprocess considerations, and outlook\u2014A mini-review","volume":"58","author":"Eastham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. 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