{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T23:24:32Z","timestamp":1773703472535,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Research Center-Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UI\/BD\/151415\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151415\/2021"]}]},{"name":"European Union (EU) under the Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto","award":["UI\/BD\/151415\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151415\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low back pain is a major cause of disability worldwide, often associated with deficits in trunk extensor strength control. Accurate assessment of trunk extension strength control is crucial for diagnosing impairments and monitoring interventions. This study evaluated the reliability of a dynamometry-based protocol for isometric trunk extension strength control assessment. Twenty-eight healthy volunteers (9 females, 19 males) completed two sessions, seven days apart. A single-point load cell system, encapsulated within a 3D-printed structure and connected to a Delsys system\u00ae at a sampling frequency of 2000 Hz, was used for data acquisition. Participants performed maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) and submaximal isometric contractions (SMVC) guided by trapezoidal visual feedback. Key outcome variables included peak force, mean force, and force steadiness. Calibration demonstrated high accuracy (R2 = 1) with a low root mean square error (0.55 N). Test\u2013retest analysis showed excellent reliability for peak force (ICC = 0.81, SEM = 0.50, MDC = 1.39), mean force (ICC = 0.93, SEM = 0.17, MDC = 1.08), and steadiness (ICC = 0.87, SEM = 0.85, MDC = 2.36), with no significant intersession differences (p &gt; 0.05). This study demonstrates the high reliability of using dynamometry to assess trunk extension strength during MVC and SMVC, endorsing the dynamometer as a tool for functional assessment and the development of personalized rehabilitation and training strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app15084081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T05:03:07Z","timestamp":1744174987000},"page":"4081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Precision and Reliability of a Dynamometer for Trunk Extension Strength and Steadiness Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6765-6475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franciele","family":"Parolini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rehabilitation Research (CIR), ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4382-0159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcio","family":"Goethel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8719-5389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Robalino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4814-9261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2141-0829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manoela","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Barbara C.","family":"Pulcineli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical Activity Sciences, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Butant\u00e3, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-220, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4528-4644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulysses F.","family":"Ervilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Physical Activity Sciences, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Butant\u00e3, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-220, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4109-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Vilas-Boas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7394-7604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rubim","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rehabilitation Research (CIR), ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61729-2","article-title":"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990\u20132010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Vos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2017.7415","article-title":"Risk of Recurrence of Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review","volume":"47","author":"Mills","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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