{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:43:24Z","timestamp":1770749004934,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/04045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04045"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the relationship between muscle strength and perceived quality of life in individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDDs). A cross-sectional study was carried out, which involved 37 participants with a mean age of 39.08 years (SD = 0.05), ranging from 20 to 58 years. The participants were assessed on anthropometric and body composition parameters, a 30 s chair stand test and isokinetic dynamometry. Quality of life was assessed using the Portuguese version of the Personal Outcomes Scale. Pearson\u2019s correlation analyses were carried out to examine the associations between strength measures and quality of life. Significant correlations were observed between strength measures and quality of life. In addition, lower limb muscle strength, particularly in flexion (left: r = 0.450; p \u2264 0.001; right: r = 0.504; p \u2264 0.001) and extension (r = 0.328; p = 0.05), showed positive correlations with quality of life. These findings provide preliminary evidence suggesting that muscle mass and strength may serve as potential predictors of quality of life in individuals with IDD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app15094711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T08:08:41Z","timestamp":1745482121000},"page":"4711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of Muscle Mass and Muscle Strength on Quality of Life of Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1727-3537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Jacinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ESECS, Polytechnique of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-558 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7179-6814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESECS, Polytechnique of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-558 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5055-2696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Duarte-Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8529-5546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-558 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Santar\u00e9m Polytechnique University (ESDRM-IPSantar\u00e9m), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Diz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESECS, Polytechnique of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-558 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2034-0585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESECS, Polytechnique of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-558 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8160-8007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Amaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESECS, Polytechnique of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-558 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5485-9430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESECS, Polytechnique of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-558 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schalock, R., Luckasson, R., and Tass\u00e9, M. (2021). Intellectual Disability: Definition, Diagnosis, Classification, and Systems of Supports, American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. [12th ed.].","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-126.6.439"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.]. Text Revision.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Schalock, R., and Verdugo, M. (2002). Handbook on Quality of Life for Human Service Practitioners, American Association on Mental Retardation."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schalock, R., Keith, K., Verdugo, M., and G\u00f3mez, L. (2011). Quality of Life Model Development and Use in the Field of Intellectual Disability. Enhancing the Quality of Life of People with Intellectual Disabilities, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9650-0_2"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacinto, M., Oliveira, R., Brito, J.P., Martins, A.D., Matos, R., and Ferreira, J.P. (2021). Prescription and Effects of Strength Training in Individuals with Intellectual Disability\u2014A Systematic Review. Sports, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports9090125"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4549","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2021.1910738","article-title":"Effects of Resistance Training Interventions on Muscular Strength in Adults with Intellectual Disability: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"44","author":"Obrusnikova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.08.038","article-title":"Individuals with Intellectual Disability Have Lower Voluntary Muscle Activation Level","volume":"35","author":"Borji","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2019.1573932","article-title":"Physical Fitness of Children and Adolescents with Moderate to Severe Intellectual Disabilities","volume":"42","author":"Wouters","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1108\/AMHID-03-2021-0014","article-title":"Relationship between Quality of Life and Physical Fitness in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities","volume":"16","author":"Moya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Ment. Health Intellect. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2016.06.008","article-title":"Physical Activity Levels in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities: A Systematic Review","volume":"4","author":"Dairo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12633","article-title":"Patterns of Objectively Measured Sedentary Behaviour in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities","volume":"32","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Intellect. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacinto, M., Vitorino, A.S., Palmeira, D., Antunes, R., Matos, R., Ferreira, J.P., and Bento, T. (2021). Perceived Barriers of Physical Activity Participation in Individuals with Intellectual Disability\u2014A Systematic Review. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9111521"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1177\/10998004221120945","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Resistance Training on Quality of Life, Depression, Muscle Strength, and Functional Exercise Capacity in Older Adults Aged 60 Years or More","volume":"25","author":"Mirzazadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"73","article-title":"Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Elderly: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews from a Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation Point-of-View","volume":"175","author":"Ferrillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Ter."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Medical Association (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. JAMA, 310, 2191\u20132194.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2015.09.003","article-title":"Feasibility of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Persons with Severe Intellectual and Visual Disabilities","volume":"47","author":"Waninge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"669","article-title":"A Reliable Isokinetic Strength Test for Arm and Leg Musculature for Mildly Mentally Retarded Adults","volume":"71","author":"Pitetti","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000849","article-title":"Assessment of Isokinetic Strength of Knee Extension\/Flexion of Individuals With Intellectual Developmental Disabilities\u2014Systematic Review With Protocol Proposal","volume":"46","author":"Jacinto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Strength Cond. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181ecd27b","article-title":"The Seated Medicine Ball Throw as a Test of Upper Body Power in Older Adults","volume":"25","author":"Harris","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-122.5.422","article-title":"Feasibility and Reliability of Tests Measuring Health-Related Physical Fitness in Children With Moderate to Severe Levels of Intellectual Disability","volume":"122","author":"Wouters","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Intellect. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.7.2.129","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Functional Fitness Test for Community-Residing Older Adults","volume":"7","author":"Rikli","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3109\/13668250.2012.681773","article-title":"Feasibility and Reliability of Physical Fitness Tests in Older Adults with Intellectual Disability: A Pilot Study","volume":"37","author":"Hilgenkamp","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-009-9517-7","article-title":"Quality of Life Measurement in the Field of Intellectual Disabilities: Eight Principles for Assessing Quality of Life-Related Personal Outcomes","volume":"98","author":"Claes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/09362835.2010.513924","article-title":"Assessing Individual Support Needs to Enhance Personal Outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Loon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exceptionality"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3109\/13668250.2016.1197385","article-title":"The Quality of Life Perceptions of People with Intellectual Disability and Their Proxies","volume":"41","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S.G., and Aiken, L.S. (2002). Applied Multiple Regression\/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Routledge. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"379","article-title":"Influ\u00eancia da aptid\u00e3o f\u00edsica na perce\u00e7\u00e3o de bem-estar f\u00edsico e qualidade de vida em indiv\u00edduos com Dificuldade Intelectual e Desenvolvimental","volume":"18","author":"Jacinto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Motricidade"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14657","article-title":"Functioning, Participation, and Quality of Life in Children with Intellectual Disability: An Observational Study","volume":"63","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Revised European Consensus on Definition and Diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"307","article-title":"Do Children with Down Syndrome Perform Sufficient Physical Activity to Maintain Good Health? A Pilot Study","volume":"26","author":"Shields","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adapt. Phys. Act. Q."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delgado-Lobete, L., Montes-Montes, R., Freire, C., and Ferrad\u00e1s, M.d.M. (2021). Performance of (Instrumental) Activities of Daily Living and Physical Capacity in Spanish Adults with Intellectual Disabilities: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9040435"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108835762110737","DOI":"10.1177\/10883576211073700","article-title":"Step It Up: Increasing Physical Activity for Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability Using Supported Self-Management and Fitbit Technology","volume":"37","author":"Savage","year":"2022","journal-title":"Focus Autism Other Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.11.003","article-title":"Effects of Exercise on Physical Fitness in Children with Intellectual Disability","volume":"33","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.2024-0085","article-title":"Examining the Effects of a 24-Week Exercise Program on Functional Capacity, Cognitive Capacity, and Quality of Life in Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities","volume":"42","author":"Jacinto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adapt. Phys. Activ. Q."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"578","article-title":"Investigation of the Effects of Physical Education Activities on Motor Skills and Quality of Life in Children with Intellectual Disability","volume":"69","author":"Kale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"33","article-title":"Enhancing Quality of Life for Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities","volume":"3","author":"Snapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Disabil. Sports Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"486","article-title":"O papel do t\u00e9cnico de exerc\u00edcio f\u00edsico como promotor da qualidade de vida na Dificuldade Intelectual e Desenvolvimental","volume":"18","author":"Jacinto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Motricidade"}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/15\/9\/4711\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:20:44Z","timestamp":1760030444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/15\/9\/4711"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["app15094711"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app15094711","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]}}}