{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T18:37:59Z","timestamp":1776537479228,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), C-MAST (Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00151\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00151\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), C-MAST (Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04630\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04630\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"NECE-UBI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00151\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00151\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"NECE-UBI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04630\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04630\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The integration of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the governance of reverse supply chains for solid waste (RSCSW) within a circular economy framework. However, the existing literature lacks a systematic assessment of the effectiveness of these methods compared to traditional waste management practices. This study conducts a systematic literature review (SLR), following PRISMA guidelines and the P.I.C.O. framework, to investigate how MCDA and AI can optimize governance, operational efficiency, and the sustainability of RSCSW. After collecting 1139 articles, 22 were selected and used for analysis. The results indicate that hybrid MCDA-AI models, employing techniques, such as TOPSIS, AHP, neural networks, and genetic algorithms, enhance decision-making automation, reduce costs, and improve waste traceability. Nevertheless, regulatory barriers and technological challenges still hinder large-scale adoption. This study proposes an innovative framework to address these gaps and drive evidence-based public policies. The findings provide guidelines for policymakers and managers, contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda and advancements in circular economy governance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app15094758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T06:10:13Z","timestamp":1745561413000},"page":"4758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Artificial Intelligence and MCDA in Circular Economy: Governance Strategies and Optimization for Reverse Supply Chains of Solid Waste"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8249-0346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel Joaquim de Santana","family":"Filho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas d\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2806-4247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arminda do","family":"Pa\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas d\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"NECE\u2014Research Centre for Business Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1691-1709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Dinis","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas d\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"C-MAST\u2013Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2021.09.013","article-title":"Li-ion battery recycling challenges","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, F., Zhao, Y., and Li, K. 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