{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T06:12:39Z","timestamp":1775887959531,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds through FCT under the project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05913\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05913\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postural control arises from the complex interplay of stability, adaptability, and dynamic adjustments, which are disrupted post-stroke, emphasizing the importance of examining these mechanisms during functional tasks. This study aimed to analyze the complexity and variability of postural control in post-stroke individuals during the feedforward phase of gait initiation. A cross-sectional study analyzed 17 post-stroke individuals and 16 matched controls. Participants had a unilateral ischemic stroke in the chronic phase and could walk independently. Exclusions included cognitive impairments, recent surgery, and neurological\/orthopedic conditions. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected during 10 self-initiated gait trials to analyze centre of pressure (CoP) dynamics and joint angles (\u2212600 ms to +50 ms). A 12-camera motion capture system (Qualisys, Gothenburg, Sweden) recorded full-body kinematics using 72 reflective markers placed on anatomical landmarks of the lower limbs, pelvis, trunk, and upper limbs. Ground reaction forces were measured via force plates (Bertec, Columbus, OH, USA) to compute CoP variables. Linear (displacement, amplitude, and velocity) and non-linear (Lyapunov exponent\u2014LyE and multiscale entropy\u2014MSE) measures were applied to assess postural control complexity and variability. Mann\u2013Whitney U tests were applied (p &lt; 0.05). The stroke group showed greater CoP displacement (p &lt; 0.05) and reduced velocity (p = 0.021). Non-linear analysis indicated lower LyE values and reduced complexity and adaptability in CoP position and amplitude across scales (p &lt; 0.05). In the sagittal plane, the stroke group had higher displacement and amplitude in the head, trunk, pelvis, and limbs, with reduced LyE and MSE values (p &lt; 0.05). Frontal plane findings showed increased displacement and amplitude in the head, trunk, and ankle, with reduced LyE and MSE (p &lt; 0.05). In the transverse plane, exaggerated rotational patterns were observed with increased displacement and amplitude in the head, trunk, pelvis, and hip, alongside reduced LyE convergence and MSE complexity (p &lt; 0.05). Stroke survivors exhibit increased linear variability, indicating instability, and reduced non-linear complexity, reflecting limited adaptability. These results highlight the need for rehabilitation strategies that address both stability and adaptability across time scales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app15094762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T08:02:57Z","timestamp":1745568177000},"page":"4762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Neurobiomechanical Characterization of Feedforward Phase of Gait Initiation in Chronic Stroke: A Linear and Non-Linear Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6325-6412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Freitas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences of Vale do Ave, Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative, Rua Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f3nio Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"H2M\u2014Health and Human Movement Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polite\u0301cnico e Universit\u00e1rio, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Research Rehabilitation (CIR), Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4885-4924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Research, Training, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1898-3487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonel","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research Rehabilitation (CIR), Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6751-5269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences of Vale do Ave, Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative, Rua Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f3nio Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"H2M\u2014Health and Human Movement Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polite\u0301cnico e Universit\u00e1rio, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Research Rehabilitation (CIR), Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4815-4896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences of Vale do Ave, Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative, Rua Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f3nio Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"H2M\u2014Health and Human Movement Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polite\u0301cnico e Universit\u00e1rio, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7924-6895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e2nia","family":"Figueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences of Vale do Ave, Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative, Rua Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f3nio Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"H2M\u2014Health and Human Movement Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polite\u0301cnico e Universit\u00e1rio, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4498-573X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"F\u00e9lix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences of Vale do Ave, Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative, Rua Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f3nio Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"H2M\u2014Health and Human Movement Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polite\u0301cnico e Universit\u00e1rio, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0640-8181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences of Vale do Ave, Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative, Rua Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f3nio Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"H2M\u2014Health and Human Movement Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polite\u0301cnico e Universit\u00e1rio, CRL, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4109-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Vilas-Boas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Research, Training, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Augusta","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research Rehabilitation (CIR), Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pzab153","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzab153","article-title":"Movement System Diagnoses for Balance Dysfunction: Recommendations From the Academy of Neurologic Physical Therapy\u2019s 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